Jaku Melayu

Jaku Melayu
Jaku Melayu
Bahasa Melayu; بهاس ملايو‎
Sebut	[baˈha.sa məˈla.ju]
Dikena ba	Brunei, Timor Leste, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapura, Thailand Selatan, Pulau Krismas, Pulau Cocos (Keeling)
Bansa	Melayu; Mayuh macham raban bansa ba Indonesia (dikelala enggau nama Jaku Indonesia) ; (see also Malayophones)
Speakers	L1: 82 million (2004–2010)e27; Penyampau (L1 and L2): 200–290 million (2009) (the number including "Indonesian" speakers)
Pumpun jaku	Austronesia Melayu-Polinesia Malayik Jaku Melayu; ; ;
Tukuh kelia	Jaku Melayu Lama Jaku Melayu Klasik Jaku Melayu Pra-moden ; ;
Tukuh baku	Jaku Indonesia (ba Indonesia); Jaku Melayu Malaysia (ba Malaysia);
Sistem urup	Latin (urup jaku Melayu); Arab (Urup Jawi); Arabic (Pegon script) (In Indonesia); Urup Thai (ba Thailand); Braille Melayu; Kelia ditulis dalam Urup Pallava, Urup Kawi, Urup Ulu, Urup Rejang;
Tukuh isyarat	Manually Coded Malay
Status rasmi
Jaku rasmi ba	Brunei; Indonesia (enggau nama Jaku Indonesia); Malaysia; Singapore; UNESCO (enggau nama Jaku Indonesia);
Diaku jaku; minoriti ba	Indonesia; (beside the national standard of Jaku Indonesia, Local Malay enjoys the status of a regional language in Sumatera and Borneo; Timor Leste (beside Jaku Melayu Dili, Jaku Indonesia used as a working language and a trade language with Indonesia); Thailand (as Jaku Melayu Pattani, Jaku Melayu Syburi, and Bangkok Malay);
Diatur	Language Development and Fostering Agency in Indonesia; Institute of Language and Literature in Malaysia; Language and Literature Bureau in Brunei; Malay Language Council in Singapore; Brunei–Indonesia–Malaysia Language Council – MABBIM (a trilateral joint venture);
Kod jaku
ISO 639-1	ms
ISO 639-2	may (B) ; msa (T)
ISO 639-3	msa – inclusive code; Individual codes:; zlm – Jaku Melayu Standard; ind – Jaku Indonesia; zsm – Jaku Melayu Malaysia; abs – Jaku Melayu Ambon; mbf – Jaku Melayu Baba; pea – Baba Indonesian; mhp – Jaku Melayu Bali; bjn – Jaku Banjar; mfb – Jaku Melayu Bangka; btj – Jaku Melayu Bachan; bew – Jaku Betawi; bve – Jaku Melayu Berau; kxd – Jaku Melayu Brunei; ccm – Jaku Melayu Chetty; coa – Jaku Melayu Kokos; liw – Jaku Chol; goq – Gorap; hji – Haji; jax – Jaku Melayu Jambi; vkk – Jaku Kaur; meo – Jaku Melayu Kedah; mfa – Jaku Melayu Kelantan-Pattani; kvr – Jaku Kerinchi; mqg – Kota Bangun Kutai; mkn – Jaku Melayu Kupang; mfp – Jaku Melayu Makassar; xmm – Jaku Melayu Manado; min – Jaku Minangkabau; mui – Jaku Musi; zmi – Jaku Melayu Negeri Sembilan; max – Jaku Melayu Maluku Utara; pmy – Jaku Melayu Papua; pel – Jaku Pekal; msi – Jaku Melayu Sabah; sci – Jaku Melayu Sri Lanka; pse – Jaku Melayu Barisan Selatan; vkt – Jaku Kutai Tenggarong
Glottolog	nucl1806
Linguasphere	31-MFA-a
	Kandang menua ti bisi ngena jaku Melayu: Indonesia Malaysia Singapura enggau Brunei, ke alai Jaku Melayu Standard nyadi jaku rasmi Timor Leste, ke alai jaku Indonesia nyadi jaku kereja Thailand Selatan enggau Pulau Kokos, ke alai bansa jaku Melayu bukai dikena

Jaku Melayu (Jaku Melayu: Bahasa Melayu, Jawi: بهاس ملايو‎) nya siti ari jaku raban Austronesia ti dikena enggau resmi ba Brunei, Malaysia enggau Singapura enggau dipejaku enggau sekeda endur ba Thailand. Jaku tu bisi pemayuh 30 juta orang ti landik bejaku. Enti dipegulai enggau Jaku Indonesia, jaku tu ngembuan 290 juta orang pejaku ba serata Asia Tenggara Maritim.^[7]^[8]

Jaku tu plurosentrik enggau siti jaku makro, iya nya, beberapa bansa iya distandard nyadi jaku nasional (bahasa kebangsaan tauka bahasa nasional) sekeda menua enggau bemacham nama resmi: ba Malaysia, jaku tu kala dikumbai Bahasa Malaysia ("Jaku Malaysia") sereta leka jaku Bahasa Melayu ("jaku Melayu") dikena diatu ba Malaysia lalu pia mega Brunei enggau Singapura; ba Indonesia, siti bansa normatif autonomi ti dikumbai Bahasa Indonesia ("jaku Indonesia") dikena nyadi bahasa persatuan/pemersatu ("jaku penyerakup" tauka lingua franca) lalu leka jaku "Melayu" (bahasa Melayu) disekat dalam menua ngagai bansa vernakular asal Melayu ngagai kandang menua Tengah ngagai Selatan Sumatera enggau Kalimantan Barat.^[9]^{[lower-alpha 1]}

Jaku Melayu Klasik nyadi standard litericha Kesultanan Melaka enggau Johor sebedau kolonial lalu nya alai jaku nya kekadang dikumbai Melaka, Johor tauka Melayu Riau (tauka mayuh macham kombinasyen nama nya) dikena mida iya ari mayuh macham jaku Melayu bukai. jaku. Nitihka Ethnologue 16, beberapa bansa jaku Melayu ti dirintaika sida diatu nyadi jaku kediri nyengkaum bansa jaku Orang Asli ari jaku Melayu Semenanjung, balat bendar bekaul enggau jaku Melayu Standard nyentukka sida tau nyadika bukti dialek. Bisi mega beberapa jaku dagang enggau jaku kreol Melayu (e.g. jaku Melayu Ambon) bepelasarka lingua franca ti datai ari jaku Melayu Klasik sereta mega jaku Melayu Makassar, ti dipeda baka jaku ti bechampur.

Asal penatai

Bala pakar jaku sejarah Melayu setuju enggau pelaba menua asal jaku-jaku Melayik bisi ba barat Borneo.^[12] Siti tukuh ti dikelala enggau nama jaku Proto-Melayik udah dikena di Borneo pemadu mimit dalam taun 1000 SK, iya udah dipeda nyadi jaku aki ini semua jaku-jaku Melayik ti nangkanka nya. Aki ini iya, Proto-Malayo-Polinesia, peturun jaku Proto-Austronesia, berengkah pechah enda kurang ari taun 2000 SK, nyangka asil ari pengerembai bansa Austronesia ke selatan ngagai Asia Tenggara Maritim ari pulau Taiwan.^[13]

Sejarah

Sejarah jaku Melayu tau dibagi ngagai lima timpuh iya nya Jaku Melayu Lama, Jaku Alih, Jaku Melayu Klasik, Jaku Melayu Moden Lama enggau Jaku Melayu Moden. Jaku Melayu Klasik dipelaba turun ari Jaku Melayu Lama.^[14]

Jaku Melayu Lama dipengaruh jaku Sanskrit, siti jaku Indo-Aryan kelia ari India. Leka jaku injau Sanskrit ulih ditemu ba lebas jaku Melayu Lama. Batu besurat ti pemadu tumu dikelala dalam jaku Melayu Lama ditemu ba pulau Sumatera. Ditulis ngena urup Grantha bansa Pallava,^[15] tu dipelaba ari 1 Mei 683. Dikelala enggau inskripsyen Kedukan Bukit, it was batu tu ditemu orang Belanda C. J. Batenburg kena 29 November 1920 ba Kedukan Bukit, di tebing Sungai Tatang, anak Sungai Musi, semak Palembang, ti nyadi bagi ari Sumatera Selatan, Indonesia. Bekurun-kurun, Srivijaya, siti empayar maritim ti bepalan ba pulau nya ari abad ke-7 ngagai abad ke-11, betanggungjawap ngerembaika jaku Melayu Lama ngagai serata Semenanjung Melayu enggau Pulau-pulau Melayu nengah pengerembai enggau kuasa ekonomi iya. Jaku Melayu Lama nyadi lingua franca orang dagang lalu mayuh dikena ba mayuh bengkah palan penyangkai kapal enggau pasar di serata pelilih menua nya.^[16]

Undang-undang Tanjung Tanah^[17] iya nya teks undang-undang kurun ke-14 sebedau penatai Islam ti digaga maya perintah Adityawarman (1345–1377) ari Perintah Melayu (dikelala mega enggau nama Malayu tauka Perintah Dharmasraya), sebengkah perintah Hindu-Buddha ti angkat merintah pengudah penembu perintah Srivijaya di Sumatera. Undang-undang nya ungkup orang Minangkabau, ti kemaya tu mengkang diau ba tanah tinggi Sumatera, Indonesia.

Batu Besurat Terengganu (Jaku Melayu: Batu Bersurat Terengganu; Jawi: باتو برسورت ترڠݢانو) iya nya stele granit ti bisi tulis ngena urup Jawi, ditemu ba Terengganu, di pantai timur Semenanjung Melayu (dalam Malaysia kemaya tu). Iya dianggap nyadi bukti pemadu tumu pasal jaku Melayu Klasik. Dipelabaka taun 702 H (1303 AD), iya ngarika bukti urup Jawi ke pemadu tuai ke dikelala ba dunya Melayu lalu bediri nyadi siti ari saksi ke pemadu tumu penatai Islam nyadi pengarap rasmi ba pelilih menua nya. Batu besurat tu ngundan pemadah ti dipansutka pemesai Terengganu, ke dikumbai Seri Paduka Tuan, ngansak rayat iya ngetan sereta ngerembaika Islam, seraya ngerintaika 10 undang-undang pelasar Syariah nyadika lalau.

Jaku Melayu klasik nyadi lingua franca kandang menua nya maya jeman Kesultanan Melaka (1402–1511), sebengkah perintah maritim ti bekuasa ti bepalan enggau strategik ba sepemanjai Selat Melaka ti nyadi palan dagang entarabansa enggau belajar Islam di pelilih menua nya. Dalam timpuh tu, jaku Melayu jampat mansang ari baruh pengaruh litaricha Islam, ti mai ubah linguistik ti signifikan, nyengkaum pengawa nginjau leka jaku Arab enggau mayuh, sereta mega pengaruh ti terus ari jaku Sanskrit enggau Tamil. Tukuh jaku ti diperkaya tu lalu dikelala enggau nama jaku Melayu Klasik. Maya tu meh jaku nya mansang nyadi siti tukuh ti dikelala orang ti bejaku Melayu moden.^{[sitasyen patut disediaka]}

Pengudah Melaka ditabanka Portugis dalam taun 1511, nandaka Kesultanan Melaka runtuh, istana diraja numbuhka baru diri nyadi Kesultanan Johor. Istana nya terus ngena jaku Melayu Klasik nyadika jaku litericha enggau administrasyen iya. Nyau kelama, tradisyen litericha tu nyadi tegap bekaul enggau kandang menua ke dipegai perintah kesultanan, nyengkaum negeri Malaysia kemaya hari tu, Johor enggau provinsi Indonesia Pulau-pulau Riau. Berindik ari nya, mayuh orang ngumbai jaku Melayu ti dikena ba Johor enggau Riau bisi kaul rat enggau jaku Melayu Klasik. Taja pia, taja pan jaku litericha ti dikena ba kandang menua tu ngayanka tradisyen klasik, tang dialek ti disebut orang ke diau dia nya bebida.^[18] Pengeruntuh Melaka ngujungka palan litericha Melayu beserak, laban mayuh orang ke landik macha enggau nulis enggau pakar ngiga pengelikun ba kandang endur ke dikuasa kuasa kolonial Eropah enggau lengkas. Ketegal nya, karya litericha Melayu baru berengkah pansut ari Acheh, Jawa, Makassar, Maluku, Champa, enggau pelilih menua bukai.^[19]

Entara surat ke pemadu tuai ke bisi ditulis dalam jaku Melayu ti mengkang iya nya surat ari Sultan Abu Hayat ari Ternate, ba pulau-pulau Maluku di Indonesia kemaya tu, datai ari taun 1521–1522. Teks tu dituju ngagai raja Portugal, berindik ari kaul enggau pemata Portugis Francisco Serrão.^[20] Urat nya nunjukka tanda guna ukai pejaku asal jaku Melayu, laban bansa Ternate ngena (lalu agi ngena) jaku Ternate ti nadai bekaul, siti jaku Papua Barat, nyadika jaku tangkai mengandai sida. Jaku Melayu semina dikena nyadi lingua franca ungkup komunikasyen entara etnik.^[20]

Kurun ke-19 nyadika timpuh kuasa politik enggau komersial menua Barat ti tegap ba Semenanjung Melayu enggau Pulau-pulau Melayu. Pengawa ngaga garis entara menua kolonial ti dibai Sempekat Inggeris-Belanda 1824 ngujungka Kompeni Hindia Timur Belanda enggau efektif bejajah Hindia Timur di selatan, seraya Empayar British megai sekeda koloni enggau protektorat di semenanjung Melayu enggau Borneo di utara. Kedua-dua kuasa kolonial nya ngena jaku Melayu nyadika kereban pemusat enggau pemoden. Sida ngena pemansut penemu pangan diri dalam ngemansangka versyen standard jaku Melayu.^[19] Pengerembai litaricha Melayu pra-moden ba abad ke-19 ngujungka pengerembai intelektual ba peranak menua nya lalu bisi komuniti baru pakar jaku Melayu.

Nota

↑ Ketegal bansa standard Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei enggau Singapura struktural mayuh sebaka lalu tebal agi bebida dalam leksikon enggau ba tikas ti mit agi dalam penerang fonetik, leka jaku payung "Melayu/Indonesia"^[10] tauka "Melayu-Indonesia"^[11] suah dikena dalam litaricha linguistik lebuh berandauka struktur tauka sejarah jaku.

Kereban sanding

↑ Uli, Kozok (10 March 2012). "How many people speak Indonesian". University of Hawaii at Manoa. Retrieved 20 October 2012. James T. Collins (Bahasa Sanskerta dan Bahasa Melayu, Jakarta: KPG 2009) gives a conservative estimate of approximately 200 million, and a maximum estimate of 250 million speakers of Malay (Collins 2009, p. 17).
↑ "Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards". The Star. 26 August 2008. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012.
↑ Dahlan, H. Abdullah Zaini. Kitabati, Practical Methods for Learning to Read & Write Pegon (Kitabati, Metode Praktis Belajar Membaca & Menulis Pegon). Zaini Press. Accessed April 19, 2023. https://ia903106.us.archive.org/22/items/etaoin/Kitabati.pdf.
↑ The abstract of this journal article is written in Indonesian language (Bahasa Indonesia), in Latin and in Pegon: Estuningtiyas, R. (2021). Rijal Dakwah: KH. Abdullah Syafi’ie (1910-1985). The International Journal of Pegon : Islam Nusantara Civilization, 5(01), 81-96. https://doi.org/10.51925/inc.v5i01.45
↑ "Recognition of Bahasa Indonesia as an official language of the General Conference of UNESCO". unesco.org / document no. 42 C/28 (in Inggeris). Retrieved 2023-11-20.
↑ "East Timor Languages". www.easttimorgovernment.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
↑ 10 million in Malaysia as either "Malay" or "Malaysian", 5 million in Indonesia as "Malay" plus 260 million as "Indonesian", etc.
↑ Wardhana, Dian Eka Chandra (2021). "Indonesian as the Language of ASEAN During the New Life Behavior Change 2021". Journal of Social Work and Science Education. 1 (3): 266–280. doi:10.52690/jswse.v1i3.114. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
↑ Asmah Haji Omar (1992). "Malay as a pluricentric language". In Clyne, Michael J. (ed.). Malay as a pluricentric language Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyte. pp. 403–4. ISBN 3-11-012855-1.
↑ Blust, Robert (2013). The Austronesian Languages (revised ed.). Australian National University. hdl:1885/10191. ISBN 978-1-922185-07-5.
↑ Tadmor, Uri (2009). "Malay-Indonesian". In Bernard Comrie (ed.). The World's Major Languages (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 791–818.
↑ Adelaar (2004)
↑ Andaya, Leonard Y. (2001). "The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu" (PDF). Journal of Southeast Asian Studies (in Inggeris). 32 (3): 315–330. doi:10.1017/S0022463401000169. S2CID 62886471.
↑ Wurm, Stephen; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T. (1996). Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts. Walter de Gruyter. p. 677. ISBN 978-3-11-081972-4.
↑ "Bahasa Melayu Kuno". Bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com. 15 September 2007. Archived from the original on 26 Disember 2010. Retrieved 22 Disember 2010.
↑ Southeast Asia Digital Library: About Malay Archived 16 Jun 2007 at archive.today
↑ Surakhman, M. Ali (23 October 2017). "Undang-Undang Tanjung Tanah: Naskah Melayu Tertua di Dunia". kemdikbud.go.id (in Indonesia).
↑ Sneddon, James N. (2003). The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society. UNSW Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-86840-598-8.
↑ ^19.0 ^19.1 Adelaar, K. Alexander (1999). "Malay: A short history". South Pacific Journal of Psychology (in Inggeris). 10 (1): 14–24. doi:10.1017/S025754340000095X. ISSN 0257-5434.
↑ ^20.0 ^20.1 Sneddon, James N. (2003). The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society. UNSW Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-86840-598-8.

[12] Ketegal bansa standard Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei enggau Singapura struktural mayuh sebaka lalu tebal agi bebida dalam leksikon enggau ba tikas ti mit agi dalam penerang fonetik, leka jaku payung "Melayu/Indonesia"^[10] tauka "Melayu-Indonesia"^[11] suah dikena dalam litaricha linguistik lebuh berandauka struktur tauka sejarah jaku.

[1] Uli, Kozok (10 March 2012). "How many people speak Indonesian". University of Hawaii at Manoa. Retrieved 20 October 2012. James T. Collins (Bahasa Sanskerta dan Bahasa Melayu, Jakarta: KPG 2009) gives a conservative estimate of approximately 200 million, and a maximum estimate of 250 million speakers of Malay (Collins 2009, p. 17).

[2] "Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards". The Star. 26 August 2008. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012.

[Kitabi-3] Dahlan, H. Abdullah Zaini. Kitabati, Practical Methods for Learning to Read & Write Pegon (Kitabati, Metode Praktis Belajar Membaca & Menulis Pegon). Zaini Press. Accessed April 19, 2023. https://ia903106.us.archive.org/22/items/etaoin/Kitabati.pdf.

[4] The abstract of this journal article is written in Indonesian language (Bahasa Indonesia), in Latin and in Pegon: Estuningtiyas, R. (2021). Rijal Dakwah: KH. Abdullah Syafi’ie (1910-1985). The International Journal of Pegon : Islam Nusantara Civilization, 5(01), 81-96. https://doi.org/10.51925/inc.v5i01.45

[UNESCO-5] "Recognition of Bahasa Indonesia as an official language of the General Conference of UNESCO". unesco.org / document no. 42 C/28 (in Inggeris). Retrieved 2023-11-20.

[easttimorgovernment.com-6] "East Timor Languages". www.easttimorgovernment.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2018.

[7] 10 million in Malaysia as either "Malay" or "Malaysian", 5 million in Indonesia as "Malay" plus 260 million as "Indonesian", etc.

[8] Wardhana, Dian Eka Chandra (2021). "Indonesian as the Language of ASEAN During the New Life Behavior Change 2021". Journal of Social Work and Science Education. 1 (3): 266–280. doi:10.52690/jswse.v1i3.114. Retrieved 29 January 2021.

[9] Asmah Haji Omar (1992). "Malay as a pluricentric language". In Clyne, Michael J. (ed.). Malay as a pluricentric language Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyte. pp. 403–4. ISBN 3-11-012855-1.

[Blust-10] Blust, Robert (2013). The Austronesian Languages (revised ed.). Australian National University. hdl:1885/10191. ISBN 978-1-922185-07-5.

[11] Tadmor, Uri (2009). "Malay-Indonesian". In Bernard Comrie (ed.). The World's Major Languages (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 791–818.

[13] Adelaar (2004)

[14] Andaya, Leonard Y. (2001). "The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu" (PDF). Journal of Southeast Asian Studies (in Inggeris). 32 (3): 315–330. doi:10.1017/S0022463401000169. S2CID 62886471.

[15] Wurm, Stephen; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T. (1996). Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts. Walter de Gruyter. p. 677. ISBN 978-3-11-081972-4.

[16] "Bahasa Melayu Kuno". Bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com. 15 September 2007. Archived from the original on 26 Disember 2010. Retrieved 22 Disember 2010.

[17] Southeast Asia Digital Library: About Malay Archived 16 Jun 2007 at archive.today

[18] Surakhman, M. Ali (23 October 2017). "Undang-Undang Tanjung Tanah: Naskah Melayu Tertua di Dunia". kemdikbud.go.id (in Indonesia).

[19] Sneddon, James N. (2003). The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society. UNSW Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-86840-598-8.

[:2-20] 19.0 ^19.1 Adelaar, K. Alexander (1999). "Malay: A short history". South Pacific Journal of Psychology (in Inggeris). 10 (1): 14–24. doi:10.1017/S025754340000095X. ISSN 0257-5434.

[sneddon-21] 20.0 ^20.1 Sneddon, James N. (2003). The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society. UNSW Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-86840-598-8.

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