Jaku Jereman

Jaku Jereman
Jaku Jereman
Deutsch
Dikena ba	Jereman; Austria; Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Luxembourg; Belgium; Namibia; Tirol Selatan;
Pejaku	L1: 95 juta; L2: 80–85 juta (2014)
Perugan jaku	Indo-Eropah Jeremanik Jeremanik Barat Jaku Jereman; ; ;
Tukuh kelia	Old High German Middle High German Early New High German ; ;
Tukuh baku	Standard German (German, Swiss, Austrian);
Sistem urup	Since Old High German: Urup Latin (German alphabet); German Braille; Until the mid-20th century: Urup Hebrew;
Tukuh isyarat	Signed German
Status resmi
Jaku rasmi ba	7 countries Jereman ; Austria ; Belgium ; Liechtenstein ; Luxembourg ; Switzerland ; Namibia ; ; 1 subdivision Tirol Selatan (Itali); ; ;
Diaku jaku; minoriti ba	8 countries Brazil (6 municipalities) ; Czech Republic ; Denmark (Syddanmark) ; Hungary (Sopron) ; Poland (Upper Silesia) ; Romania (select localities) ; Russia (Azovo German National District) ; Slovakia (Krahule) ;
Kod jaku
ISO 639-1	de
ISO 639-2	ger (B) ; deu (T)
ISO 639-3	Variously:; deu – German; gmh – Middle High German; goh – Old High German; gct – Colonia Tovar German; bar – Bavarian; cim – Cimbrian; geh – Hutterite German; ksh – Kölsch; nds – Low German; sli – Lower Silesian; ltz – Luxembourgish; vmf – Mainfränkisch; mhn – Mòcheno; pfl – Palatinate German; pdc – Pennsylvania Dutch; pdt – Plautdietsch; swg – Swabian German; gsw – Swiss German; uln – Unserdeutsch; sxu – Upper Saxon; wae – Walser German; wep – Westphalian; hrx – Riograndenser Hunsrückisch; yec – Yenish; yid – Yiddish
Glottolog	stan1295
Linguasphere	52-ACB–dl (Standard German) ; 52-AC (Continental West Germanic) ; 52-ACB (Deutsch & Dutch) ; 52-ACB-d (Central German) ; 52-ACB-e & -f (Upper and Swiss German) ; 52-ACB-h (émigré German varieties, including 52-ACB-hc (Hutterite German) & 52-ACB-he (Pennsylvania Dutch); 52-ACB-i (Yenish) ; Totalling 285 varieties: 52-ACB-daa to 52-ACB-i
	Majority of German speakers in Central Europe Minority of German speakers in Central Europe
	Official language Co-official language National language Minority language
	Artikel tu ngundan lambang fonetik IPA. Enti nadai meri sukung ti betul, nuan engka meda tanda tanya, kutak, tauka lambang bukai nganti urup Unicode. Ngambika nemu panduan pemuka pasal lambang IPA, peda Bantu:IPA.

Siku laki ngena jaku Jereman

Jaku Jereman (Deutsch disebut [dɔʏtʃ]) ianya siti jaku ari raban Jeremanik Barat. Iya datai ari chabang Barat raban Jeremanik dalam perugan jaku Indo-Eropah sereta siti jaku ari jaku dunya ke besai, dikena lebih ari 120 juta orang ba sepemayuh 38 bengkah menua dunya.

Jaku Jereman Standard

Pelasar Jaku Jereman Standard mansang enggau Bup Kudus Luther enggau jaku ke dikena kort Saksen, bagi ari raban kandang menua Jaku Jereman Tinggi.^[10] Taja pia, bisi endur dialek pelilih menua tradisional udah diganti enggau jaku vernakular baru bepelasarka jaku Jereman Standard; nya meh utai ke nyadi ba endur ke besai di Utara Jereman tang mega ba mengeri besai ba endur bukai di menua nya. Taja pia, utai ti beguna diperatika iya nya jaku Jereman Standard kolokial bebida ari jaku betulis formal kelebih agi ba jalai jaku enggau sintaksis, ke alai iya udah dipengaruhka jaku dialek.

Jaku Jereman standard bebida ba pelilih menua ke bebida ti bejaku Jereman ba leka jaku enggau sekeda insiden sebut lalu indah jalai jaku enggau ortografi. Variasyen tu enda tau disakal enggau variasyen dialek setempat. Taja pan bansa jaku Jereman Standard nasional semina bisi mimit aja dipengaruhka dialek menua nya, tang iya amat nyelai. Nya alai jaku Jereman dianggap nyadi jaku plurisentris, ke diatu bisi tiga bansa jaku Jerman standard nasional: Jaku Jereman Standard Jereman, Jaku Jereman Standard Austria enggau Jaku Jereman Standard Switzerland. Enti dibandingka enggau jaku Eropah bukai (e.g. jaku Portugis, jaku English), urup mayuh standard jaku Jereman agi bedau diaku mayuh orang.^[11] Taja pia, 90% pengajar sekula sekondari Austria ti ngajar jaku Jereman ngumbai jaku Jereman ngembuan "lebih ari siti" bansa standard.^[12] Dalam konteks tu, sekeda pakar bejaku pasal Satu Aksiom Jereman Standard ti udah dikemeranka nyadika pelasar anggap dialekologi Jerman.^[13]

Ba tebal agi pelilih menua, orang ke bejaku ngena jaku kontinum, e.g. "Umgangssprache" (standard jaku sehari-hari) ari mayuh agi bansa dialek ngagai mayuh agi bansa standard bepanggai ba gaya utai ke nyadi.

Variasyen

Dalam linguistik jaku Jereman, dialek jaku Jereman dibida dalam variasyen ari Jaku Jereman Standard. Variasyen jaku Jereman Standard nunjukka bemacham jaku lokal ti bebida ari plurisentris Jereman. Sida bebida tebal agi ba leksikon enggau fonologi, tang mega bida gramatis ti mit agi. Ba sekeda pelilih menua, sida udah nganti dialek tradisional Jereman, kelebih agi ba Jerman Utara.

Ba endur ke ngena jaku Jereman di Switzerland, pegulai dialek enggau standard jarang amat dikena, lalu ngena jaku Jereman Standard mayuh agi disekat ngagai jaku betulis. Urung 11% peranak Switzerland nemu bejaku Jereman Standard ba rumah, tang tu tebal agi ketegal orang ke datai ari Jereman.^[15] Penyadi tu dikumbai medial diglossia. Jaku Jereman Standard Switzerland dikena dalam sistem pelajar Switzerland, seraya Jaku Jereman Austria dikena enggau rasmi dalam sistem pelajar Austria.

Kereban sanding

↑ Thomas Marten, Fritz Joachim Sauer (Hrsg.): Länderkunde Deutschland, Österreich und Schweiz (mit Liechtenstein) im Querschnitt. Inform-Verlag, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-9805843-1-3, S. 7.
↑ Penyalat nyebut: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama eurobarometer
↑ "Moses Mendelssohn's Be'ur: Translating the Torah in the Age of Enlightenment - TheTorah.com". www.thetorah.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2024. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
↑ "Sefer Netivot ha-shalom : ṿe-hu ḥibur kolel ḥamishat ḥumshe ha-torah ʻim tiḳun sofrim ṿe-targum ashkenazi u-veʾur. - 1783. Translated from the Hebrew into German by Moses Mendelssohn. Berlin : Gedruckt bey George Friedrich Starcke". digipres.cjh.org. Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
↑ "המאסף ha-Me'asef. 6644-5571 [1783-1811] [Newspaper in German printed in Hebrew characters]. Königsberg, Prussia". Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
↑ "YIVO | Dostrzegacz Nadwiślański - / Der Beobakhter an der Vayksel. 1823-1824. Warsaw". yivoencyclopedia.org. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
↑ "Birgit Klein. 1998. Levi von Bonn alias Löb Kraus und die Juden im Alten Reich. Auf den Spuren eines Verrats mit weitreichenden Folgen, p. 200" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
↑ "Lista de línguas cooficiais em municípios brasileiros". ipol.org.br. IPOL. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 2023-10-28.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Goossens 1983, p. 27.
↑ Swadesh 1971, p. 53.
↑ Dollinger, Stefan (2023). "Who is afraid of pluricentric perspectives?". In Callies, Marcus; Hehner, Stefanie (eds.). Pluricentric languages and language education: Pedagogical Implications and Innovative Approaches to Language Teaching (in Inggeris). Routledge. pp. 219–220.
↑ De Cillia, Rudolf; Ransmayr, Jutta (2019). Österreichisches Deutsch macht Schule (in Jerman). Vienna: Böhlau. pp. Abbildung 36.
↑ Dollinger, Stefan (2019). The Pluricentricity Debate (in Inggeris). New York: Routledge. p. 14.
↑ Ammon et al. 2004.
↑ "Die am häufigsten üblicherweise zu Hause gesprochenen Sprachen der ständigen Wohnbevölkerung ab 15 Jahren – 2012–2014, 2013–2015, 2014–2016" (XLS) (official site) (in Jerman, Perancis, and Itali). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Federal Statistical Office FSO. 28 March 2018. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.

Nota

↑ The status of Low German as a German variety or separate language is subject to discussion.^[9]
↑ The status of Luxembourgish as a German variety or separate language is subject to discussion.
↑ The status of Plautdietsch as a German variety or separate language is subject to discussion.^[9]

[1] Thomas Marten, Fritz Joachim Sauer (Hrsg.): Länderkunde Deutschland, Österreich und Schweiz (mit Liechtenstein) im Querschnitt. Inform-Verlag, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-9805843-1-3, S. 7.

[eurobarometer-2] Penyalat nyebut: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama eurobarometer

[3] "Moses Mendelssohn's Be'ur: Translating the Torah in the Age of Enlightenment - TheTorah.com". www.thetorah.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2024. Retrieved 10 August 2023.

[4] "Sefer Netivot ha-shalom : ṿe-hu ḥibur kolel ḥamishat ḥumshe ha-torah ʻim tiḳun sofrim ṿe-targum ashkenazi u-veʾur. - 1783. Translated from the Hebrew into German by Moses Mendelssohn. Berlin : Gedruckt bey George Friedrich Starcke". digipres.cjh.org. Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.

[5] "המאסף ha-Me'asef. 6644-5571 [1783-1811] [Newspaper in German printed in Hebrew characters]. Königsberg, Prussia". Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.

[6] "YIVO | Dostrzegacz Nadwiślański - / Der Beobakhter an der Vayksel. 1823-1824. Warsaw". yivoencyclopedia.org. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.

[7] "Birgit Klein. 1998. Levi von Bonn alias Löb Kraus und die Juden im Alten Reich. Auf den Spuren eines Verrats mit weitreichenden Folgen, p. 200" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.

[8] "Lista de línguas cooficiais em municípios brasileiros". ipol.org.br. IPOL. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 2023-10-28.

[FOOTNOTEGoossens198327-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Goossens 1983, p. 27.

[FOOTNOTESwadesh197153-13] Swadesh 1971, p. 53.

[14] Dollinger, Stefan (2023). "Who is afraid of pluricentric perspectives?". In Callies, Marcus; Hehner, Stefanie (eds.). Pluricentric languages and language education: Pedagogical Implications and Innovative Approaches to Language Teaching (in Inggeris). Routledge. pp. 219–220.

[15] De Cillia, Rudolf; Ransmayr, Jutta (2019). Österreichisches Deutsch macht Schule (in Jerman). Vienna: Böhlau. pp. Abbildung 36.

[16] Dollinger, Stefan (2019). The Pluricentricity Debate (in Inggeris). New York: Routledge. p. 14.

[FOOTNOTEAmmonBickelEbnerGasser2004-17] Ammon et al. 2004.

[18] "Die am häufigsten üblicherweise zu Hause gesprochenen Sprachen der ständigen Wohnbevölkerung ab 15 Jahren – 2012–2014, 2013–2015, 2014–2016" (XLS) (official site) (in Jerman, Perancis, and Itali). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Federal Statistical Office FSO. 28 March 2018. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.

[10] The status of Low German as a German variety or separate language is subject to discussion.^[9]

[11] The status of Luxembourgish as a German variety or separate language is subject to discussion.

[12] The status of Plautdietsch as a German variety or separate language is subject to discussion.^[9]

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