Unit 731
| Unit 731 | |
|---|---|
 The Unit 731 complex | |
| Endur | Pingfang, Harbin, Heilongjiang, Manchukuo (now part of China) |
| Koordinat | 45°36′31″N 126°37′55″E / 45.60861°N 126.63194°E |
| Haribulan | 1936–1945 |
Bansa serang | |
| Senyata | |
| Pemati | Estimated 200,000[1] to 300,000[2] |
| Perpetrators | |
Unit 731 (Jaku Jipun: 731部隊, Sepil Hepburn: Nana-san-ichi Butai), nama rasmi iya Raban Renchit Manchu 731 lalu disebut mega enggau nama Raban Renchit Kamo sereta Unit Ishii,[6] nya siti fasiliti pansik resia ti beoperasyen baruh Soldadu Imperial Jipun entara taun 1936 enggau 1945. Iya bepalan ba pelilih menua Pingfang, provinsi Harbin, ba menua ayam Jipun iya nya Manchukuo (diatu bagi ari China Timur Laut), sereta sekeda bengkah pampang ba tanah besai China enggau Asia Tenggara.
Unit 731 megai tanggung pengawa mansik perang biologi enggau kimia ti besai, sereta mega pengawa nguji mensia ti tau ngujungka bebadi nyawa. Palan nya betuaika Jeneral Shirō Ishii lalu nerima sukung ke tegap ari soldadu Jipun. Aktiviti iya nyengkaum ngerampit orang jil enggau penyakit ke tau nabanka nyawa, bejalaika pengawa bebuntas ngagai orang ke agi idup, ngereja pengawa ngetau organ, nguji bilik hipobarik, netak kaki jari, sereta mantaika mansa ngagai ejen kimia enggau utai ke tau meletup. Orang jil—ke suah disebut bala staf enggau nama "log"—tebal agi orang periman China, tang mega nyengkaum orang Rusia, Korea, enggau ke bukai, nyengkaum nembiak mit enggau indu ke ngandung. Nadai orang ke agi idup ke didokumentasyen ditemu.
Dipelabaka 14,000 iku orang parai ba dalam fasiliti nya empu.[7] Kelimpah ari nya, senyata biologi ti digaga Unit 731 ngujungka pemati enda kurang ari 200,000 iku orang ba mengeri enggau kampung China, nengah pengawa ti sengaja ngamahka bekal ai, pemakai, enggau tanah betanam betupi.
Pengudah perang, dua belas iku kaban Unit 731 dipechara Serakup Soviet ba pechara jenayah perang Khabarovsk taun 1949 lalu diukum jil. Taja pia, mayuh orang ke beguna nyengkaum Ishii diberi imuniti ari Amerika Serikat dikena nukar data pansik sida. Administrasyen Harry S. Truman ngelamun penyalah unit nya lalu mayar setipikit ngagai orang ke kala gawa.[8][9]
Kena 28 Ogos 2002, Kort Pelilih Menua Tokyo enggau formal ngaku Jipun udah bejalaika perang biologi di China lalu ngasuh menua nya betanggung pengawa ba pemati ke bekaul.[10][11] Taja pan kededua Amerika Serikat enggau Serakup Soviet ngulih sereta mansik data nya, tang pengawa nilai udah nya tetemuka iya meri mimit aja nilai saintifik praktikal.[12]
Kereban sanding
[edit | edit bunsu]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kristof, Nicholas D.B. (1996-03-17). "Unmasking Horror – A Special Report. Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2019-07-14. Retrieved 2019-07-14.
- ↑ Watts, Jonathan (2002-08-28). "Japan guilty of germ warfare against thousands of Chinese". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2019-08-06. Retrieved 2019-07-14.
- ↑ Liu, Huaqiu, ed. (2000). 军备控制与裁军手冊 [Handbook on Arms Control and Disarmament] (in Cina). National Defense Industry Press. p. 368. ISBN 7-118-02282-9.
- ↑ Materials on the Trial of Former Servicemen of the Japanese Army Charged With Manufacturing and Employing Bacteriological Weapons. Foreign Languages Publishing House. 1950.
- ↑ Harris, Sheldon (December 1992). "Japanese Biological Warfare Research on Humans: A Case Study of Microbiology and Ethics". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 666 (1): 30–31. Bibcode:1992NYASA.666...21H. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb38021.x. PMID 1297279.
- ↑ "Human Experimentation at Unit 731". Pacific Atrocities Education. Retrieved 2024-05-28.
- ↑ Hill, Amelia (2 March 2003). "The day the earth died". The Observer.
- ↑ Hal Gold, Unit 731 Testimony, 2003, p. 109.
- ↑ Guillemin, Jeanne (2017). Hidden Atrocities: Japanese Germ Warfare and American Obstruction of Justice at the Tokyo Trial. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-18352-9.
- ↑ "Ruling recognizes Unit 731 used germ warfare in China". The Japan Times. 2002-08-28. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
- ↑ "Japan guilty of germ warfare against thousands of Chinese". The Guardian. 2002-08-28. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
- ↑ Leitenberg, Milton (January 2001). "Biological Weapons in the Twentieth Century: A Review and Analysis". Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 27 (4): 270. doi:10.1080/20014091096774. PMID 11791799.