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Raban bansa

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Raban bansa tauka raban etnik nya seraban orang ke ngelala diri enggau pangan diri bepelasarka penteba bekunsi ti diperatika ti midaka sida ari raban bukai. Penteba ti dikunsi dalam seraban bansa nyengkaum jaku, budaya, tiris ti sama, tradisyen, gerempung, pengarap, sejarah sereta ulah sosial.[1][2] Etnik dijaga nengah endogami timpuh panjai[3] lalu tau ngembuan spektrum peturun genetik ti sempit tauka luas, enggau sekeda raban ngembuan peturun genetik ti bechampur.[4][5][6]

Raban bansa nitihka benua

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Afrika

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Artikel batang: Rintai raban bansa ba Afrika

Afrika nyadi benua ke pemadu mayuh macham bansa enggau jaku, lalu bisi lebih 3,000 bansa sereta lebih 2,000 bansa jaku ke dikena ba 54 buah menua.[7][8] Jaku tu enggi ruang bilik besai baka Niger-Kongo, Afroasiatik, Nilo-Sahara, enggau Khoisan, lalu tebal agi raban bansa ngetanka tradisyen budaya ti nyelai.[9][10]

Asia

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Artikel batang: Raban bansa ba Asia
Asiria nya siti ari raban bansa asal di Irak Utara.

Raban etnik mayuh ba serata Asia, enggau pengengkeman ngagai zon iklim Asia, ti tau nyadi Arktik, subarktik, beriklim chelap, subtropika tauka tropika. Raban bansa nya udah nelebaka diri enggau endur diau ba gunung, padang pasir, madang rumput, enggau kampung.

Ba pelilih pantai Asia, raban bansa udah ngena mayuh macham chara ngetau enggau ngangkut. Bisi sekeda raban nya keterubah iya orang ti ngasu-ngumpul, bisi mega ngemeranka transhumance (gaya pengidup nomad), bisi mega udah nyadi agrarian/kampung pengelama beribu taun lalu bisi mega nyadi industri/mengeri. Sekeda raban/menua Asia udah abis mengeri, baka sida ba Hong Kong, Shanghai enggau Singapura. Pengawa penajah mayuh bengkah menua Asia tebal agi tembu ba abad ke-20, dipejalai ketegal pengawa nasional ke deka merdeka enggau nentuka kuing diri di serata benua nya.[11]

Di Indonesia kediri, bisi lebih ari 600 raban bansa,[12][13] ti bepalan ba 17,000 buah pulau di raban pulau Indonesia.

Rusia ngembuan lebih 185 raban bansa ke diaku kelimpah ari 80% majoriti bansa Rusia. Raban ke pemadu mayuh iya nya bansa Tatar, 3.8%. Mayuh ari raban ke mit agi ditemu ba bagi menua Asia Rusia (peda Bansa asal Siberia).

Eropah

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Artikel batang: Raban bansa ba Eropah
Raban bansa Bask nyadi etnik asal minoriti di Peranchis enggau Sepanyol.
Sebilik bansa Sámi di Lapland, Finland, 1936

Eropah ngembuan mayuh macham bansa; Pan enggau Pfeil (2004) ngira 87 iti "raban bansa Eropah" ti bebida, ke alai 33 iku nya nyadi populasyen majoriti dalam sekurang-kurang iya siti nengeri ti bedaulat, lalu 54 iku agi nya nyadi etnik minoriti dalam tiap nengeri ti diuan sida (taja pan sida tau nyadi majoriti pelilih menua setempat dalam entiti sub-nasional). Penyampau semua populasyen minoriti nasional di Eropah dipelabaka 105 juta iku tauka 14% ari 770 juta iku orang Eropah.[14]

Mayuh menua di Eropah, nyengkaum Peranchis[15] enggau Switzerland, enda ngumpul penerang pasal etnik populasyen peranak sida.

Chunto etnik ke mayuh diau ba Eropah iya nya bansa Roma, ke mega dikelala (suah enggau jaku ti ngemaruhka) enggau nama Gipsi. Sida tu asal ari India lalu bejaku ngena jaku Romani.

Provinsi Serbia Vojvodina dikelala ketegal bejelih bansa enggau budaya.[16][17] Bisi urung 26 raban bansa dalam provinsi nya,[18] enggau enam jaku dikena rasmi dalam administrasyen provinsi.[19]

Amerika Utara

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Orang asal di Amerika Utara iya nya Orang Asal Amerika. Maya penajah Eropah, orang Eropah datai ba Amerika Utara. Tebal agi orang asal Amerika mati ketegal penyakit Sepanyol enggau penyakit Eropah bukai baka puru. Raban pan-etnik ke pemadu mayuh di Amerika Serikat iya nya orang kulit burak Amerika. Raban bansa Hispanik enggau Latino Amerika (kelebih agi bansa Amerika Mexico) enggau bansa Asia Amerika udah pindah ke Amerika Serikat apin lama ke udah. Ba Mexico tebal agi orang Mexico nya mestizo, iya nya champur peturun Sepanyol enggau orang asal Amerika. Sekeda bansa Hispanik enggau Latino Amerika ke diau di Amerika Serikat ukai bansa mestizo.[20]

Orang Afrika ti diulun dibai ngagai Amerika Utara ari abad ke-16 ngagai ke-19 maya dagang ulun Atlantik. Mayuh ari sida dianjung ngagai Caribbean. Raban bansa ke diau ba Karibia iya nya: bansa asal, Afrika, India, Eropah Putih, China enggau Portugis. Orang Eropah Putih keterubah datai ba Republik Dominika iya nya orang Sepanyol dalam taun 1492. Karibia mega dijajah lalu ditemu orang Portugis, Inggeris, Belanda enggau Peranchis.[21]

Mayuh amat orang di Amerika Syarikat ngembuan identiti bansa bechampur. Ba taun 2021, penyampau rayat Amerika ke ngelala diri ukai Hispanik sereta lebih ari siti bansa iya nya 13.5 juta iku. Penyampau orang Hispanik Amerika ke ngelala diri nyadi mayuh bansa iya nya 20.3 juta iku.[22] Over the course of the 2010s decade, there was a 127% increase in non-Hispanic Americans who identified as multiracial.[22]

Raban bansa ke pemadu mayuh di Amerika Serikat iya nya bansa Jereman, Afrika Amerika, Mexico, Ireland, Inggeris, Amerika, Itali, Poland, Perancis, Scotland, Asal Amerika, Puerto Riko, Norway, Belanda, Sweden, China, Hindia Barat, Rusia enggau Filipina.[23]

Ba Kanada orang Eropah Kanada nya bansa ke pemadu mayuh. Penyampau bansa asal jampat agi mansang ari penyampau tubuh ukai bansa asal. Tebal agi orang ke datai ari menua bukai ke datai ari menua Asia.[24]

Amerika Selatan

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Artikel batang: Raban bansa ba Amerika Selatan
The Founding of the Brazilian Fatherland, lukisan alegori taun 1899 ti ngayanka siku orang menua Brazil José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva, siku ari apai pemungkal menua tu, enggau menira Empayar Brazil enggau tiga raban bansa besai di Brazil .

Ba Amerika Selatan, taja pan mayuh bida entara pelilih menua, populasyen suah agi bansa bechampur (mestizo), bansa asal, Eropah, Afrika, enggau ba tikas ke mit agi peturun Asia.[25][26][27]

Oceania

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Nyau deka semua nengeri di Oceania ngembuan majoriti peranak asal, enggau pengecuali ke tampak iya nya Australia, New Zealand enggau Pulau Norfolk, ke ngembuan majoriti peranak Eropah.[28] Neegeri ke ngembuan populasyen Eropah ke mit agi nyengkaum Guam, Hawaii enggau New Caledonia (ke alai bansa Eropah dikelala enggau nama Caldoche).[29][30] Orang asal Oceania iya nya orang asal Australia, Austronesia enggau Papua, lalu sida tu asal ari Asia.[31] Orang Austronesia Oceania dibagi agi ngagai tiga raban ti bebida; Rayat Melanesia, Mikronesia enggau Polinesia.

Pulau-pulau Pasifik Selatan Oseania ti semak enggau Amerika Latin nadai orang nguan lebuh ditemu orang Eropah dalam abad ke-16, nadai utai ti nunjukka pengawa mensia prasejarah ti dikereja orang Asal Amerika tauka Oseania.[32][33][34] Peranak kemaya hari tu tebal agi bansa mestizo enggau orang Eropah ari menua Amerika Latin ke ngatur sida,[35] taja pan nadai siti pan pulau tu ngembuan populasyen ti luas.[36] Pulau Ista nya semina pulau tasik ti bisi kaul politik enggau Amerika Latin ti ngembuan peranak asal, bansa Rapa Nui Polinesia.[37] Pendiau sida ke diatu nyengkaum orang asal Polinesia enggau penetap mestizo ari pengatur politik Chile, kelimpah ari individu bansa champur ti bebansa Polinesia enggau mestizo/Eropah.[37] Kandang menua tasik British, Pulau Pitcairn, ba barat Pulau Ista, ngembuan penyampau tubuh urung 50 iku. Sida tu bansa bechampur bansa Euronesia ke datai ari raban keterubah ke diau ba British enggau Tahiti ba abad ke-18. Pulau-pulau tu sebedau tu diuan orang Polinesia; sida udah lama ninggalka Pitcairn lebuh maya bala penetap udah datai.[38] Pulau Norfolk ke diatu nyadi kandang menua luar Australia mega dipelabaka kala diuan orang Polinesia sebedau keterubah iya ditemu orang Eropah ba abad ke-18. Sekeda ari peranak sida nya peturun ari bansa champur Pitcairn Islanders ke dipindahka ngagai Norfolk ketegal kelalu mayuh mensia dalam taun 1856.[39]

Pulau-pulau Bonin ke kala nadai diuan mensia, ke udah nya disegulaika enggau politik ngagai Jepun, ngembuan penyampau tubuh ke mit ke mungkur orang ke diau ba tanah besai Jepun enggau peturun orang ke dulu diau ba Eropah.[37] Penemu arkeologi ari taun 1990-an nunjukka bisi peluang pengawa mensia prasejarah ulih orang Micronesia sebedau penemu Eropah ba abad ke-16.[40]

Sekeda entiti politik ke bekaul enggau Oceania agi bedau diuan, nyengkaum Pulau Baker, Pulau Clipperton, Pulau Howland enggau Pulau Jarvis.[41] Bisi pengawa nguji enda lama deka ngentapka Clipperton enggau orang Mexico lalu Jarvis enggau orang asal Hawaii ba pun abad ke-20. Bala penetap Jarvis dipindahka ari pulau nya ketegal pemansang Jepun maya Perang Dunya Kedua, lalu tebal agi bala penetap ba Clipperton ngujungka sida mati ketegal lapar pungkang sereta munuh pangan diri.[42]

Australia

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Raban bansa keterubah ke nyata diau di Australia iya nya bansa Aborigin, ke udah nguan benua nya lebih ari 50,000 taun.[43] Raban bansa Pulau Selat Torres, ke bebida budaya tang mega bansa Australia First Nations, udah diau ba pelilih menua Selat Torres pengelama beribu taun.[44] Orang Eropah, kelebih agi ari England, keterubah iya datai dalam taun 1770 lebuh Kapten James Cook ngaga kar pantai timur.[45]

Pengira Penyampau Mensia 2016 mandangka pengudah Australia, menua ke pemadu suah ada iya nya England enggau New Zealand. Penyampau orang ke ada di China enggau India nambah entara taun 2011 enggau 2016 (China ari 6% ngagai 8%, India ari 5.6% ngagai 7.4%).[46] Penyampau ke ngelala diri asal ari orang asal tauka Pulau Selat Torres niki ari 2.5% ari penyampau tubuh Australia ba taun 2011 ngagai 2.8% ba taun 2016.[47]

Kereban sanding

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  1. ↑ Chandra, Kanchan (2012). Constructivist theories of ethnic politics. Oxford University Press. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-0199893157. OCLC 829678440.
  2. ↑ People, James; Bailey, Garrick (2010). Humanity: An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology (9th ed.). Wadsworth Cengage learning. p. 389. In essence, an ethnic group is a named social category of people based on perceptions of shared social experience or one's ancestors' experiences. Members of the ethnic group see themselves as sharing cultural traditions and history that distinguish them from other groups. Ethnic group identity has a strong psychological or emotional component that divides the people of the world into opposing categories of 'us' and 'them'. In contrast to social stratification, which divides and unifies people along a series of horizontal axes based on socioeconomic factors, ethnic identities divide and unify people along a series of vertical axes. Thus, ethnic groups, at least theoretically, cut across socioeconomic class differences, drawing members from all strata of the population.
  3. ↑ Katarina, Shyamal (2018). "Explaining Ethnicity: Primordialism vs. Instrumentalism". Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal. 5 (4) – via ResearchGate.
  4. ↑ "Insight into Ethnic Differences". National Institutes of Health (NIH) (in Inggeris). 25 May 2015. Archived from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  5. ↑ Banda, Yambazi; Kvale, Mark N.; Hoffmann, Thomas J.; Hesselson, Stephanie E.; Ranatunga, Dilrini; Tang, Hua; Sabatti, Chiara; Croen, Lisa A.; Dispensa, Brad P.; Henderson, Mary; Iribarren, Carlos (1 August 2015). "Characterizing Race/Ethnicity and Genetic Ancestry for 100,000 Subjects in the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) Cohort". Genetics (in Inggeris). 200 (4): 1285–1295. doi:10.1534/genetics.115.178616. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 4574246. PMID 26092716. Archived from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  6. ↑ Salter, Frank; Harpending, Henry (1 July 2013). "J.P. Rushton's theory of ethnic nepotism". Personality and Individual Differences (in Inggeris). 55 (3): 256–260. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.014. ISSN 0191-8869. Archived from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  7. ↑ "Language Diversity in Africa". Boston University African Studies Center. Retrieved 25 November 2025.
  8. ↑ "Ethnologue: Languages of Africa and Europe". SIL Global. SIL International. Retrieved 25 November 2025.
  9. ↑ "Introduction to African Languages". Harvard African Language Program. Retrieved 25 November 2025.
  10. ↑ "African Languages Overview". ALMA Project. Retrieved 25 November 2025.
  11. ↑ "Decolonisation: geopolitical issues and impact on the European integration process". CVCE Website. Retrieved 2025-07-18.
  12. ↑ Ananta et al. 2015, pp. 12, 27–28.
  13. ↑ "Mengulik Data Suku di Indonesia". Badan Pusat Statistik. 18 November 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  14. ↑ Christoph Pan, Beate Sibylle Pfeil, Minderheitenrechte in Europa. Handbuch der europäischen Volksgruppen (2002)., English translation 2004.
  15. ↑ (dalam jaku Peranchis) article 8 de la loi Informatique et libertés Archived 20 Mach 2019 at the Wayback Machine, 1978: "Il est interdit de collecter ou de traiter des données à caractère personnel qui font apparaître, directement ou indirectement, les origines raciales ou ethniques, les opinions politiques, philosophiques ou religieuses ou l'appartenance syndicale des personnes, ou qui sont relatives à la santé ou à la vie sexuelle de celles-ci."
  16. ↑ Lux, Gábor; Horváth, Gyula (2017). The Routledge Handbook to Regional Development in Central and Eastern Europe. Taylor & Francis. p. 190.
  17. ↑ Filep, Béla (2016). The Politics of Good Neighbourhood: State, civil society and the enhancement of cultural capital in East Central Europe. Taylor & Francis. p. 71.
  18. ↑ "Serbian Government – Official Presentation". serbia.gov.rs. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  19. ↑ "Beogradski centar za ljudska prava – Belgrade Centre for Human Rights". bgcentar.org.rs. 29 March 2015. Archived from the original on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  20. ↑ Mark, Joshua J. (21 August 2023). "Native Peoples of North America". World History Encyclopedia.
  21. ↑ "Our People". Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Tavernise, Sabrina (13 August 2021). "Behind the Surprising Jump in Multiracial Americans, Several Theories". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  23. ↑ "Largest Ethnic Groups And Nationalities In The United States". 18 July 2019. Archived from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  24. ↑ "21.9% of Canadians are immigrants, the highest share in 85 years: StatsCan". Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  25. ↑ "Demographics of South America". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 November 2025.
  26. ↑ "Ethnic groups in South America". World Atlas. Retrieved 25 November 2025.
  27. ↑ "Population and Ethnic Composition". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 25 November 2025.
  28. ↑ Aldrich, Robert (1993). France and the South Pacific Since 1940. University of Hawaii Press. p. 347. ISBN 978-0824815585. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022. Britain's high commissioner in New Zealand continues to administer Pitcairn, and the other former British colonies remain members of the Commonwealth of Nations, recognizing the British Queen as their titular head of state and vesting certain residual powers in the British government or the Queen's representative in the islands. Australia did not cede control of the Torres Strait Islands, inhabited by a Melanesian population, or Lord Howe and Norfolk Island, whose residents are of European ancestry. New Zealand retains indirect rule over Niue and Tokelau and has kept close relations with another former possession, the Cook Islands, through a compact of free association. Chile rules Easter Island (Rapa Nui) and Ecuador rules the Galapagos Islands. The Aboriginals of Australia, the Maoris of New Zealand and the native Polynesians of Hawaii, despite movements demanding more cultural recognition, greater economic and political considerations or even outright sovereignty, have remained minorities in countries where massive waves of migration have completely changed society. In short, Oceania has remained one of the least completely decolonized regions on the globe.
  29. ↑ "ISEE – Salaires". Isee.nc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
  30. ↑ Census shows Hawaii is becoming Whiter Archived 29 Ogos 2008 at the Wayback Machine, starbulletin.com
  31. ↑ "Australian Aboriginal peoples | History, Facts, & Culture | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  32. ↑ Terrell, John E. (1988). Prehistory in the Pacific Islands. Cambridge University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0521369565. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  33. ↑ Crocombe, R. G. (2007). Asia in the Pacific Islands: Replacing the West. University of the South Pacific. Institute of Pacific Studies. p. 13. ISBN 978-9820203884. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  34. ↑ Flett, Iona; Haberle, Simon (2008). "East of Easter: Traces of human impact in the far-eastern Pacific" (PDF). In Clark, Geoffrey; Leach, Foss; O'Connor, Sue (eds.). Islands of Inquiry. ANU Press. pp. 281–300. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.593.8988. hdl:1885/38139. ISBN 978-1921313899. JSTOR j.ctt24h8gp.20. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  35. ↑ Mountford, H. S.; Villanueva, P.; Fernández, M. A.; Jara, L.; De Barbieri, Z.; Carvajal-Carmona, L. G.; Cazier, J. B.; Newbury, D. F. (2020). "Frontiers | The Genetic Population Structure of Robinson Crusoe Island, Chile | Genetics". Frontiers in Genetics. 11. Frontiersin.org: 669. doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.00669. PMC 7333314. PMID 32676101.
  36. ↑ Sebeok, Thomas Albert (1971). Current Trends in Linguistics: Linguistics in Oceania. the University of Michigan. p. 950. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022. Most of this account of the influence of the Hispanic languages in Oceania has dealt with the Western Pacific, but the Eastern Pacific has not been without some share of the presence of the Portuguese and Spanish. The Eastern Pacific does not have the multitude of islands so characteristic of the Western regions of this great ocean, but there are some: Easter Island, 2000 miles off the Chilean coast, where a Polynesian tongue, Rapanui, is still spoken; the Juan Fernandez group, 400 miles west of Valparaiso; the Galapagos archipelago, 650 miles west of Ecuador; Malpelo and Cocos, 300 miles off the Colombian and Costa Rican coasts respectively; and others. Not many of these islands have extensive populations – some have been used effectively as prisons – but the official language on each is Spanish.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Todd, Ian (1974). Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama. Angus & Robertson. p. 190. ISBN 978-0207127618. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022. [we] can further define the word culture to mean language. Thus we have the French language part of Oceania, the Spanish part and the Japanese part. The Japanese culture groups of Oceania are the Bonin Islands, the Marcus Islands and the Volcano Islands. These three clusters, lying south and south-east of Japan, are inhabited either by Japanese or by people who have now completely fused with the Japanese race. Therefore they will not be taken into account in the proposed comparison of the policies of non-Oceanic cultures towards Oceanic peoples. On the eastern side of the Pacific are a number of Spanish language culture groups of islands. Two of them, the Galapagos and Easter Island, have been dealt with as separate chapters in this volume. Only one of the dozen or so Spanish culture island groups of Oceania has an Oceanic population – the Polynesians of Easter Island. The rest are either uninhabited or have a Spanish – Latin – American population consisting of people who migrated from the mainland. Therefore, the comparisons which follow refer almost exclusively to the English and French language cultures.
  38. ↑ "History of Pitcairn Island | Pitcairn Island Immigration". Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  39. ↑ "Norfolk Island | History, Population, Map, & Facts | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  40. ↑ 小笠原諸島の歴史 (in Jepun). Archived from the original on 9 September 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  41. ↑ "Education Resources: Regional Information, Jarvis Island | PacIOOS". Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System (PacIOOS). Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  42. ↑ US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "Discovering the Deep: Exploring Remote Pacific MPAs: Background: The Hui Panalāʻau Story of the Equatorial Pacific Islands of Howland, Baker, and Jarvis: 1935–1942: NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research". oceanexplorer.noaa.gov. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  43. ↑ "When did Aboriginal people first arrive in Australia?". UNSW Sydney. Retrieved 25 November 2025.
  44. ↑ "Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Histories and Cultures". AustLit (Australian Curriculum). Retrieved 25 November 2025.
  45. ↑ "Australia in the 1770s". My Place Education. Retrieved 25 November 2025.
  46. ↑ "2016 Census QuickStats". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 25 November 2025.
  47. ↑ "Census of Population and Housing: Characteristics of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 2016". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 19 February 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2025.
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