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Mexico

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Negeri-Negeri Mexico Beserakup
Estados Unidos Mexicanos (Sepanyol)
Flag of Mexico
Menira
Coat of arms of Mexico
Coat of arms
Anthem: "Himno Nacional Mexicano"
("Mexican National Anthem")
Indu menua
enggau nengeri ke pemadu besai
Mexico City
19°26′N 99°8′W / 19.433°N 99.133°W / 19.433; -99.133
Jaku resmiSpanish (de facto)
Co-official languages
Raban bansa
Peda di baruh
Pengarap
(2023)[1]
  • 17% no religion
  • 8% other religion
  • 5% prefer not to say
DemonimMexican
PerintahFederal presidential republic[2]
• President
Andrés Manuel López Obrador
Ana Lilia Rivera
Marcela Guerra Castillo
Norma Lucía Piña Hernández
Dewan Undangan NegeriCongress
• Upper house
Senate
• Lower house
Chamber of Deputies
Independence 
from Spain
16 September 1810
• Declared
27 September 1821
28 December 1836
4 October 1824
5 February 1857
5 February 1917
Menua
• Pemesai
1,972,550 km2 (761,610 bt2) (13th)
• Ai (%)
1.58 (as of 2015)[3]
Penyampau tubuh
• 2023 estimate
Neutral increase 129,875,529[4] (10th)
• Pemayuh tubuh
61/km2 (158.0/sq mi) (142nd)
GDP (PPP)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $3.434 trillion[5] (12th)
• Per capita
Increase $25,963[5] (70th)
GDP (nominal)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $2.017 trillion[5] (12th)
• Per capita
Increase $15,249[5] (63rd)
Gini (2018)Positive decrease 41.8[6]
medium
HDI (2022)Increase 0.781[7]
high · 77th
Mata duitMexican peso (MXN)
Zon jamUTC−8 to −5 (See Time in Mexico)
• Summer (DST)
UTC−7 to −5 (varies)
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy
Tisi deribaright
Kod talipaun+52
Kod ISO 3166MX
TLD Internet.mx
  1. ^ Article 4 of the General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples[8][9]
  2. ^ Spanish is de facto the official language in the Mexican federal government.

Mexico,[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2] tauka nama resmi menua tu Negeri-Negeri Mexico Beserakup,[lower-alpha 3] nya sebengkah menua ba sepiak selatan Amerika Utara. Mungkur 1,972,550 km2 (761,610 bt2),[11] menua tu nyadi menua ke-13 pemadu besai di dunya nitihka pemesai; enggau penyampau tubuh urung 130 juta iku, iya nyadi menua ke-10 pemadu mayuh mensia sereta ngembuan pemayuh orang ke bejaku Sepanyol di dunya.[12] Mexico diatur nyadi republik konstitusyen perintah besai ke mungkur 31 nengeri enggau Nengeri Mexico, indu nengeri sereta mengeri pemadu besai, ke entara kandang mengeri besai ke pemadu mayuh mensia di dunya. Menua tu bekunsi garis entara menua enggau Amerika Serikat ba utara, enggau Guatemala enggau Belize ba tenggara; pia mega garis entara menua maritim enggau Tasik Pasifik ba barat, Tasik Karibia ba tenggara, enggau Teluk Mexico ba timur.[13]

Demografi

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Pemadat populasyen Mexico

Nitihka Institut Geografi enggau Statistik Nasional Mexico, penyampau tubuh menua nya dipelabaka ba taun 2022 iya nya 129,150,971 iku.[14] Kenyau ari pemadu mimit taun 1970-an, Mexico nyadi menua ke pemadu mayuh mensia bejaku Sepanyol di dunya.[15]

Sepemanjai abad ke-19, penyampau tubuh ba Mexico nyau deka nambah dua kali lipat. Pengawa tu majak nyadi sekumbang dua dekad keterubah abad ke-20, ba taun 1900 penyampau tubuh orang Mexico lebih mimit ari 13 juta iku.[16] Revolusyen Mexico (c. 1910–1920) balat meri empas ngagai penumbuh penyampau tubuh enggau pengawa ngitung tubuh taun 1921 ngeripotka pengerugi urung 1 juta iku peranak. Penyampau penumbuh niki enggau jampat entara taun 1930-an enggau 1980-an lebuh menua tu ngerejista penumbuh lebih 3% (1950–1980). Penyampau tubuh orang Mexico nambah dua kali lipat dalam kandang dua puluh taun, lalu enggau penyampau nya, dipelabaka manggai ba taun 2000 bisi 120 juta iku orang diau di Mexico. Penyampau tubuh ba Mexico majak niki ari 70 juta ba taun 1982[17] nyentukka 123.5 juta iku peranak ba taun 2017.[18] Pengelama umur niki ari 36 taun ba taun 1895 ngagai 75 taun ba taun 2020.[12]

Raban bansa

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Penyampau tubuh Mexico mayuh macham, tang pansik pasal etnik Mexico udah ngasaika empas wacana nasionalis ngagai identiti.[19][20][21] Kenyau ari taun 1930-an, perintah Mexico udah ngelakuka penemu ti madahka semua orang Mexico nya sebagi ari komuniti Mestizo, ke dalam nya sida semina dibida nengah endur diau dalam tauka luar ari komuniti asal, tikas pengelandik bejaku ngena jaku asal, enggau tikas pengangkun ngagai adat asal,[22][23] nitihka pengawa ngitung tubuh Mexico taun 2020, 6.1% ari penyampau tubuh Mexico bejaku ngena jaku Bansa Asal lalu 19.4% ari penyampau tubuh ngelala diri nyadi bansa asal.[12]

Apin lama ke udah perintah Mexico berengkah bejalaika pansik ti ngambi kira bansa bukai ke diau ba menua nya, baka Afro-Mexico (ti mungkur 2% ari penyampau tubuh Mexico ba taun 2020).[12] Survei ti ngena chura kulit nyadika sanding[24][25] dikena ngaga anggar Orang Putih Mexico ba menua nya,[26][27][28][29] lalu Encyclopædia Britannica ngangar sida urung 32% ari penyampau tubuh.[30] Orang Asia Mexico enggau Arab Mexico ngarika urung 1% ari penyampau tubuh siku-siku. Seraya Mestizo nyadi raban bansa ke tampak ba Mexico kontemporari, definisyen subjektif sereta seruran berubah ba kategori tu ngujungka anggar iya enda tepat.[31][32]

Jaku

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Jaku Sepanyol nyadi jaku nasional de facto disebut mayuh orang, lalu nyadika Mexico menua Hispanofon ke pemadu mayuh mensia di dunya.[33][15] Jaku Sepanyol Mexico nujuka variasyen jaku ti dikena ba menua tu, ti bebida ari siti pelilih menua ngagai pelilih menua bukai ba munyi, struktur, enggau leka jaku.[34]

Kar ungkup taun 2000 jaku asal Mexico ngembuan lebih 100,000 iku orang ke bejaku .

Perintah besai ngaku enggau rasmi enam puluh lapan raban jaku enggau 364 bansa jaku asal.[35] Dipelabaka urung 8.3 juta iku rayat ngena jaku tu,[36] enggau Jaku Nahuatl nyadi jaku ti pemadu mayuh dikena lebih ari 1.7 juta, ditangkanka Jaku Maya Yucatec ti dikena ninting hari urung 850,000 iku orang. Jaku Tzeltal enggau Tzotzil, jaku-jaku Maya ke bukai, dikena urung setengah juta iku orang siku-siku, kelebih agi ba negeri selatan Chiapas.[36] Jaku Mixtec enggau Zapotec, enggau urung 500,000 pejaku asal, iya nya dua bengkah raban jaku bukai ti tampak.[36] Kenyau ari penumbuh iya dalam bulan Mac 2003, Institut Jaku Asal Nasional udah megai tanggung pengawa ngangkat sereta nyaga guna jaku asal menua tu, nengah Undang-undang Besai Hak Jaku Bansa Asal, ti ngaku sida nyadi jaku nasional de jure ti bisi status ke sama enggau Jaku Sepanyol.[37] Nya taja pia, dalam pengawa, raban bansa asal suah napi diskriminasyen lalu nadai akses penuh ngagai servis mensia mayuh baka pelajar enggau nyaga pengerai, tauka ngagai sistem keadilan, laban jaku Sepanyol nya jaku ti dikena.[38]

Kelimpah ari jaku asal, bisi beberapa jaku minoriti ke dikena di Mexico ketegal pemindah entarabansa baka Jaku Jereman Rendah ulih 80,000 iku orang Mennonite, keterubah iya ngentapka diri ba nengeri-nengeri utara, diperansang ulih toleransi perintah besai ngagai komuniti tu nengah chara ngemendarka sida netapka sistem pelajar sida ti setipak enggau adat sereta main asal sida.[39] Chipilo dialect, siti ari variasyen jaku Venetia, dikena ba mengeri Chipilo, bepalan ba negeri tengah Puebla, ulih urung 2,500 iku, ke tebal agi peturun orang Venetia ke pindah ngagai kandang menua nya ba ujung kurun ke-19.[40] Jaku English nya jaku bansa bukai ke pemadu suah diajar ba Mexico. Dipelabaka urung 24 juta iku, tauka urung seperlima ari penyampau tubuh, belajarka jaku nya nengah sekula awam, institusyen peribit, tauka jalai akses kediri empu,[41] taja pia, tikas pengelandik jaku English ti tinggi semina ba 5% ari penyampau tubuh.[42] Jaku Peranchis nyadi jaku luar kedua pemadu mayuh diajar, laban ninting taun entara 200,000 ngagai 250,000 iku nembiak Mexico ngambi kus jaku.[43][44][45]

Nota

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  1. ↑ Sepanyol: México or Méjico, pronunciation: [ˈmexiko] ⓘ; Classical Nahuatl: Mēxihco; Templat:Lang-yua
  2. ↑ Usually, in Spanish, the name of the country is spelled México; however, in Peninsular (European) Spanish, the variant Méjico is used alongside the usual version. According to the Diccionario panhispánico de dudas by the Royal Spanish Academy and Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, the version with J is also correct; however, the spelling with X is recommended, as it is the one used in Mexico.[10]
  3. ↑ Sepanyol: Estados Unidos Mexicanos ([esˈtaðos uˈniðos mexiˈkanos] ⓘ); Classical Nahuatl: Mēxihcatl Tlacetilīlli Tlahtohcāyōtl

Penyanding

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  1. ↑ "Global Religion - Religious Beliefs Across the World" (PDF). Ipsos. May 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  2. ↑ "Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, title 2, article 40" (PDF). MX Q: SCJN. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
  3. ↑ "Surface water and surface water change". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  4. ↑ Templat:Cite CIA World Factbook
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Mexico)". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. 16 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  6. ↑ Inequality - Income inequality - OECD Data. OECD. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
  7. ↑ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF) (in Inggeris). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  8. ↑ INALI (13 March 2003). "General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
  9. ↑ "Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas". Inali.gob.mx. Archived from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
  10. ↑ México in Diccionario panhispánico de dudas by Royal Spanish Academy and Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, Madrid: Santillana. 2005. ISBN 978-8-429-40623-8.
  11. ↑ "Mexico". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 "Censo Población y Vivienda 2020". www.inegi.org.mx. INEGI. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  13. ↑ Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary, 3rd ed., Springfield, Massachusetts, United States, Merriam-Webster; p. 733
  14. ↑ Estadísticas a propósito del día mundial de la población "INEGI", July 2023. Retrieved on September 20, 2024.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Spanish Language History". Today Translations. Archived from the original on 17 April 2005. Retrieved 1 October 2007.
  16. ↑ "POBLACIÓN" "SEMARNAT", retrieved on October 4, 2024.
  17. ↑ "Population, total | Data". data.worldbank.org. 2022. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  18. ↑ "México cuenta con 123.5 millones de habitantes" [Mexico has 123.5 million inhabitants]. El Economista (in Sepanyol). Notimex. 10 July 2017. Archived from the original on 19 September 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  19. ↑ Knight, Alan. 1990. "Racism, Revolution and indigenismo: Mexico 1910–1940". Chapter 4 in The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870–1940. Richard Graham (ed.) pp. 78–85
  20. ↑ Wimmer, Andreas, 2002. Nationalist Exclusion and Ethnic Conflict: Shadows of Modernity, Cambridge University Press page 115
  21. ↑ Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).
  22. ↑ "en el censo de 1930 el gobierno mexicano dejó de clasificar a la población del país en tres categorías raciales, blanco, mestizo e indígena, y adoptó una nueva clasificación étnica que distinguía a los hablantes de lenguas indígenas del resto de la población, es decir de los hablantes de español". Archived from the original on 23 August 2013.
  23. ↑ "Al respecto no debe olvidarse que en estos países buena parte de las personas consideradas biológicamente blancas son mestizas en el aspecto cultural, el que aquí nos interesa (p. 196)" (PDF). Redalyc.org. 16 March 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
  24. ↑ Fuentes-Nieva, Ricardo (6 July 2017). "Ser blanco" [Being white]. El Universal (in Sepanyol). Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  25. ↑ Solís, Arturo (7 August 2018). "Comprobado con datos: en México te va mejor si eres blanco" [Proven with data: in Mexico you do better if you are white]. Forbes México (in Sepanyol). Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  26. ↑ "Encuesta Nacional sobre Discriminación 2017" Archived Ogos 10, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, CNDH, August 6, 2018, Retrieved on August 10, 2018.
  27. ↑ "Encuesta Nacional sobre Discriminación (ENADIS) 2022". www.inegi.org.mx (in Sepanyol). Retrieved April 2, 2024.
  28. ↑ "21 de Marzo: Día Internacional de la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial" [March 21: International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination] (PDF) (in Sepanyol). Mexico: CONAPRED. 2017. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017. Ba lambar 7 penerang berita nya, kaunsil nya ngeripotka 53.5% indu Mexico enggau 39.4% lelaki Mexico dikelala enggau chura kulit ke pemadu terang ke dikena dalam tanya ngitung tubuh, CONAPRED, Mexico, 21 Mac. Retrieved on April 28, 2017.
  29. ↑ "Visión INEGI 2021 Dr. Julio Santaella Castell" Archived Januari 21, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, INEGI, July 3, 2017, Retrieved on April 30, 2018.
  30. ↑ Ethnic composition (2010): About one third"Mexico: Ethnic groups". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  31. ↑ Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).
  32. ↑ Navarrete Linares, Federico. "El mestizaje en Mexico" [The miscegenation in Mexico] (PDF) (in Sepanyol). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  33. ↑ Spanish → Mexico at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  34. ↑ Werner 2001, pp. 443, 444, 445.
  35. ↑ INALI [Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas] (14 January 2008). "Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas" (PDF online facsimile). Diario Oficial de la Federación (in Sepanyol). 652 (9). Mexico City: 22–78 (first section), 1–96 (second section), 1–112 (third section). OCLC 46461036. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 "Indigenous Languages in Mexico: Speakers Aged Three or Older". National Institute of Statistics and Geography. 2015. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  37. ↑ "Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas" (PDF) (in Sepanyol). 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  38. ↑ "Model of Accreditation and Certification of Indigenous Languages" (PDF) (in Sepanyol). National Indigenous Languages Institute. October 2012. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  39. ↑ "The Mennonite Old Colony Vision: Under siege in Mexico and the Canadian Connection" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  40. ↑ Templat:E18
  41. ↑ "English in Mexico: An examination of policy, perceptions and influencing factors" (PDF). British Council. May 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  42. ↑ Becerril, Isabel (27 April 2015). "En México sólo 5% de la población habla inglés: IMCO" (in Sepanyol). El Financiero. Archived from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  43. ↑ "Une Langue Pour Apprendre" (PDF) (in Perancis). Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. 6 September 2010. p. 132. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  44. ↑ "Cours de français" (in Perancis). Ambassade de France à Mexico. 19 March 2013. Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  45. ↑ Simon-Clerc, Nathalie (2 November 2016). "Le Mexique, l'acteur qui monte dans la francophonie d'Amérique" (in Perancis). L'Outarde Libérée. Archived from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
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