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Martin Luther

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The Reverend

Martin Luther

OSA
Martin Luther, 1528
Ada
Martin Luder

10 November 1483
Eisleben, kaunti Mansfeld, Empayar Rome Kudus
Haribulan
pemarai		18 Februari 1546(1546-02-18) (umur 62)
Eisleben, County of Mansfeld, Holy Roman Empire
PelajarUniversity of Erfurt (Artium Baccalaureus, 1502; Artium Magister, 1505)
University of Wittenberg (Biblicus Baccalaureus in Bible, 1508; Sententiarius Baccalaureus in Sentences, 1509; Theologiæ Doctor in Bible, 1512)
Notable work
Title
KalingKatharina von Bora (j. 1525)
Anak
Personal
ReligionKristian
DenominationLutheran
Organization
ChurchProtestan
Ordination history
History
Diaconal ordination
Ordained byJohannes (or Johann) Bonemilch von Laasphe, Auxiliary Bishop of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Mainz
Date27 February 1507
PlaceCathedral Church of St. Mary, Erfurt, Holy Roman Empire
Priestly ordination
Ordained byHieronymus (or Jerome) Schultz OPraem, Bishop of the Diocese of Brandenburg
Date3/4 April 1507
PlaceCathedral Church of St. Mary, Erfurt, Holy Roman Empire
Sain

Martin Luther OSA (10 November 1483[1] – 18 Februari 1546) nya siku paderi Jerman, pakar teologi, pengarang, penulis lagu puji, profesor, enggau ex-friar Augustinian.[2] Luther nyadi orang ti ngepunka Reformasyen Protestan, lalu pengarap teologi iya nyadika pelasar pengarap Lutheran. Iya dikumbai mayuh orang nyadi siku ari orang ti pemadu bepengaruh dalam sejarah Barat enggau Kristian.[3][4]

Diada ba Eisleben, Luther dichiri nyadi paderi dalam taun 1507. Iya datai nulak sekeda ajar enggau pengawa Gerija Roman Katolik kemaya hari tu, kelebih agi penemu pasal indulgens enggau kuasa paus. Luther ngepunka debat entarabansa pasal pekara tu dalam chunto Sembilan Puluh Lima Tesis iya, ti dikarang iya dalam taun 1517. Ba taun 1520, Paus Leo X minta Luther ngelengka semua utai ke ditulis iya, lalu lebuh Luther enggai ngereja nya, iya dibuai ari gerija kena bulan Januari 1521. Udah nya ba taun nya mega, Raja Besai Rome Kudus Charles V ngutuk Luther nyadi orang ke ngereja penyalah ba Diet of Worms. Lebuh Luther mati dalam taun 1546, pemuai iya ari gerija ti digaga Leo X agi dikena.

Luther ngajar, pengelurus ukai dibulih ari sebarang pengawa tauka niat tauka pemanah mensia; tang, iya diterima semina nyadika pemeri ti enda bebayar ari pengasih Allah Taala nengah pengarap orang ti arap ngagai Jesus Kristus. Iya ngumbai pengawa ti manah nya buah ti beguna ari pengarap ti idup, sebagi ari proses pengudus.[5][6] Teologi Luther nyakal kuasa enggau pengawa paus enggau bishop enggau ngajar Bup Kudus aja pun penemu ti dipadahka Petara pasal Injil,[7] lalu mantah sacerdotalisme enggau ngumbai semua orang Kristian ti udah dibaptisa nyadi imam ti kudus.[8] Sida ke ngelala diri enggau utai tu, sereta mega ajar Luther ke besai agi, dikumbai orang Lutheran, taja pan Luther bebendar ngena nama Kristian tauka Evangelikal (Jereman : evangelisch), nyadika nama ke semina ulih diterima ungkup individu ke ngaku arapka Kristus.

Pengawa Luther nyalin Bup Kudus ari jaku Latin ngagai jaku Jereman ngasuh Bup Kudus jauh mudah agi ditemu orang, lalu tu meri empas ti besai ngagai gerija enggau budaya Jereman. Iya nerenakka pemansang versyen standard jaku Jereman, nambahka sekeda prinsip ngagai seni nyalin,[9] lalu nguing pengawa nulis salin jaku English, Bup Kudus Tyndale.[10] Lagu puji iya ngasuh pengawa belagu ba gerija Protestan mansang.[11] Tikah iya enggau Katharina von Bora, siku nan ke suba, nyadika teladan ngagai pengawa tikah paderi, ngemendarka paderi Protestan jadi melaki bini.[12]

Dalam dua iti bup iya ke udah nya, baka dalam bup On the Jews and Their Lies, Luther mantaika penemu ti tegap ngelaban orang Judah, minta orang Judah dibuai sereta ditunu sinagog sida.[13] Pengawa tu mega dituju ngagai orang Kristian Roman Katolik, Anabaptis, enggau orang Kristian ke enda pechayaka Triniti.[14] Luther enda terus ngasuh orang Judah dibunuh;[15][16][17] taja pia, tebal agi bala pakar sejarah madahka retorik iya meransang antisemitisme di Jereman enggau penumbuh, beratus taun udah nya, Parti Nazi.[18][19][20]

Kereban sanding

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  1. ↑ Luther himself, however, believed that he had been born in 1484. Hendrix, Scott H. (2015). Martin Luther: Visionary Reformer. Yale University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-300-16669-9. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
  2. ↑ Luther consistently referred to himself as a former monk. For example: "Thus formerly, when I was a monk, I used to hope that I would be able to pacify my conscience with the fastings, the praying, and the vigils with which I used to afflict my body in a way to excite pity. But the more I sweat, the less quiet and peace I felt; for the true light had been removed from my eyes." Martin Luther, Lectures on Genesis: Chapters 45–50, ed. Jaroslav Jan Pelikan, Hilton C. Oswald, and Helmut T. Lehmann, vol. 8 Luther's Works. (Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1999), 5:326.
  3. ↑ Hillerbrand, Hans J. (14 February 2024). "Martin Luther". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  4. ↑ Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).
  5. ↑ Schreiner, Thomas R. (15 September 2015). Faith Alone---The Doctrine of Justification: What the Reformers Taught...and Why It Still Matters (in Inggeris). Zondervan Academic. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-310-51579-1. Luther insists that good works cannot be understood as the cause or ground of justification. McGrath summarizes Luther's position, "works are a condition, but not a cause of salvation." The word "condition" is acceptable if one understands works as the fruit or evidence of justification.
  6. ↑ Laffin, Michael Richard (20 October 2016). The Promise of Martin Luther's Political Theology: Freeing Luther from the Modern Political Narrative (in Inggeris). Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-567-66990-2. When Luther speaks of sanctification, he includes in this what has traditionally been referred to as the doctrine of the three estates. In sanctification our affections are conformed to Christ, and this formation occurs through suffering the divine activity in the estates of the ecclesia, oeconomia, and politia. In sanctification our affections and perceptions are transformed so that we may come to recognize and explore the will of God. Herein lies a major, and often overlooked, part of the topography of Luther's theology that presses back against the oversimplistic reduction of his thought to "justification by faith alone." Rather, in the estates we see that sanctification plays a significant role in the overall grammar of Luther's theology. As Bernd Wannenwetsch argues, "Sanctification for Luther is not just a matter of faith, but a matter of faith and created orders, or more precisely of faith that is exercised in love within the divinely assigned spheres of social life, politics, economics and religion (cf. WA16: 'in talibus ordinationibus exercere ceritatem')."
  7. ↑ Ewald M. Plass, What Luther Says, 3 vols., (St. Louis: CPH, 1959), 88, no. 269; M. Reu, Luther and the Scriptures, (Columbus, Ohio: Wartburg Press, 1944), 23.
  8. ↑ Luther, Martin. Concerning the Ministry (1523), tr. Conrad Bergendoff, in Bergendoff, Conrad (ed.) Luther's Works. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1958, 40:18 ff.
  9. ↑ Fahlbusch, Erwin and Bromiley, Geoffrey William. The Encyclopedia of Christianity. Grand Rapids, MI: Leiden, Netherlands: Wm. B. Eerdmans; Brill, 1999–2003, 1:244.
  10. ↑ Tyndale's New Testament, trans. from the Greek by William Tyndale in 1534 in a modern-spelling edition and with an introduction by David Daniell. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989, ix–x.
  11. ↑ Bainton, Roland. Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther. New York: Penguin, 1995, 269.
  12. ↑ Bainton, Roland. Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther. New York: Penguin, 1995, p. 223.
  13. ↑ Hendrix, Scott H. "The Controversial Luther" Archived 2 Mac 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Word & World 3/4 (1983), Luther Seminary, St. Paul, MN. Also see Hillerbrand, Hans. "The legacy of Martin Luther" Archived 16 Julai 2011 at the Wayback Machine, in Hillerbrand, Hans & McKim, Donald K. (eds.) The Cambridge Companion to Luther. Cambridge University Press, 2003. In 1523, Luther wrote that Jesus Christ was born a Jew which discouraged mistreatment of the Jews and advocated their conversion by proving that the Old Testament could be shown to speak of Jesus Christ. However, as the Reformation grew, Luther began to lose hope in large-scale Jewish conversion to Christianity, and in the years his health deteriorated he grew more acerbic toward the Jews, writing against them with the kind of venom he had already unleashed on the Anabaptists, Zwingli, and the pope.
  14. ↑ Schaff, Philip: History of the Christian Church, Vol. VIII: Modern Christianity: The Swiss Reformation, William B. Eerdmans Pub. Co., Grand Rapids, Michigan, US, 1910, page 706.
  15. ↑ Martin Brecht, Martin Luther (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1985–1993), 3:336.
  16. ↑ Luther's letter to Rabbi Josel as cited by Gordon Rupp, Martin Luther and the Jews (London: The Council of Christians and Jews, 1972), 14. According to {{cite web}}: Empty citation (help), this paragraph is not available in the English edition of Luther's works.
  17. ↑ Sydow, Michael (1 December 1999). "Journal of Theology: Martin Luther, Reformation Theologian and Educator" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  18. ↑ "The assertion that Luther's expressions of anti-Jewish sentiment have been of major and persistent influence in the centuries after the Reformation, and that there exists a continuity between Protestant anti-Judaism and modern racially oriented antisemitism, is at present wide-spread in the literature; since the Second World War it has understandably become the prevailing opinion." Johannes Wallmann, "The Reception of Luther's Writings on the Jews from the Reformation to the End of the 19th Century", Lutheran Quarterly, n.s. 1 (Spring 1987) 1:72–97.
  19. ↑ For similar views, see:
  20. ↑ Grunberger, Richard. The 12-Year Reich: A Social History of Nazi Germany 1933–1945 (NP:Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971), 465.
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