Madu

Sejabir madu enggau biskut Amerika

Madu nya utai ti manis sereta liat ti digaga beberapa bansa manyi, ti pemadu dikelala iya nya manyi madu.^[1]^[2] Madu digaga sereta disimpan dikena meri pemakai ngagai koloni manyi. Manyi ngasilka madu enggau chara ngumpul lalu udah nya ngaluska rembesan gula ari utai tumbuh (kelebih agi nektar bungai ) tauka ai ari indu utai bukai, baka madu afid. Pengawa ngaluska tu nyadi ba dalam individu manyi, nengah regurgitasyen enggau aktiviti enzimatik, sereta maya nyimpan dalam sarang, nengah penyelap ai ti ngemeratka gula madu nyentukka iya tebal sereta liat.

Madu manis ketegal pemekat monosakarida fruktosa enggau glukosa ti tinggi. Iya ngembuan pemanis relatif ti kira-kira sama enggau sukrosa (gula mija).^[3]^[4] Satu sudu standard (14 mL) madu meri urung 180 kilojoul (43 kilokalori) tenaga pemakai. Iya ngembuan pengelebih kimia ti narit ati dikena ngaga panggang sereta asai ti nyelai lebuh dikena nyadika pemanis.^[3] Mayuh mikroorganisma enda ulih tumbuh dalam madu lalu madu ti disekat nya alai enda rusak. Sampel madu ti ditemu dalam konteks arkeologi udah nyata tau diempa taja pan udah beribu taun.^[5]^[6]

Pengawa ngena enggau ngasilka madu ngembuan sejarah ti panjai sereta mayuh macham, enggau pun iya ba jeman prasejarah. Sekeda gambar gua ba Cuevas de la Araña di Sepanyol ngayanka mensia ngiga madu enda kurang ari 8,000 taun ke udah.^[7]^[8] Seraya Apis mellifera nya indu utai Dunya Lama, meliponikultur skala besai manyi nadai sengat Dunya Baru udah dikemeranka orang Maya kenyau ari jeman sebedau Columbus.^[2]^[9]

Kereban sanding

↑ Crane, Eva (1990). "Honey from honeybees and other insects". Ethology Ecology & Evolution. 3 (sup1): 100–105. doi:10.1080/03949370.1991.10721919. ISSN 0394-9370.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Grüter, Christoph (2020). Stingless Bees: Their Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer New York. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60090-7. ISBN 978-3-030-60089-1. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 National Honey Board. "Carbohydrates and the Sweetness of Honey" Archived 1 Julai 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Last accessed 1 June 2012.
↑ Oregon State University "What is the relative sweetness of different sugars and sugar substitutes?". Retrieved 1 June 2012.
↑ Geiling, Natasha (22 August 2013). "The Science Behind Honey's Eternal Shelf Life". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
↑ Prescott, Lansing; Harley, John P.; Klein, Donald A. (1999). Microbiology. Boston: WCB/McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-697-35439-6.
↑ Hunt CL, Atwater HW (7 April 1915). Honey and Its Uses in the Home. US Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin, No. 653. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
↑ Crane, Eva (1983) The Archaeology of Beekeeping, Cornell University Press, ISBN 0-8014-1609-4
↑ Quezada-Euán, José Javier G. (2018). Stingless Bees of Mexico. Springer New York. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-77785-6. ISBN 978-3-030-08539-1. Archived from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2021.

[Crane19902-1] Crane, Eva (1990). "Honey from honeybees and other insects". Ethology Ecology & Evolution. 3 (sup1): 100–105. doi:10.1080/03949370.1991.10721919. ISSN 0394-9370.

[Grüter-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Grüter, Christoph (2020). Stingless Bees: Their Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer New York. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60090-7. ISBN 978-3-030-60089-1. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2021.

[NHB_carbs-3] 3.0 ^3.1 National Honey Board. "Carbohydrates and the Sweetness of Honey" Archived 1 Julai 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Last accessed 1 June 2012.

[Oregon_State_University-4] Oregon State University "What is the relative sweetness of different sugars and sugar substitutes?". Retrieved 1 June 2012.

[Geiling-5] Geiling, Natasha (22 August 2013). "The Science Behind Honey's Eternal Shelf Life". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2019.

[Prescott_1999-6] Prescott, Lansing; Harley, John P.; Klein, Donald A. (1999). Microbiology. Boston: WCB/McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-697-35439-6.

[hunt-7] Hunt CL, Atwater HW (7 April 1915). Honey and Its Uses in the Home. US Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin, No. 653. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2015.

[Crane83-8] Crane, Eva (1983) The Archaeology of Beekeeping, Cornell University Press, ISBN 0-8014-1609-4

[Quezada-Euan-9] Quezada-Euán, José Javier G. (2018). Stingless Bees of Mexico. Springer New York. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-77785-6. ISBN 978-3-030-08539-1. Archived from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2021.

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