Kompeni Hindia Timur Belanda

Kompeni Hindia Timur Beserakup
1602–1799
	Menira kompeni (1630)
Nama asal	Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie; Generale Vereenichde Geoctrooieerde Compagnie (original name); Vereenigde Nederlandsche Geoctroyeerde Oostindische Compagnie (formal name);
Bansa kompeni	Separuh dagang diempu perintah
Industri	Proto-conglomerate
Predecessor	Voorcompagnieën⁄Pre-companies (1594–1602) Compagnie van Verre; Brabantsche Compagnie; Compagnie van De Moucheron; Veerse Compagnie;
Ditumbuhka	20 Mac 1602; 424 taun ke udah, by a government-directed consolidation of the voorcompagnieën/pre-companies
Pemungkal	Johan van Oldenbarnevelt enggau Jeneral Menua
Defunct	31 Disember 1799; 226 taun ke udah
Fate	Dissolved and nationalised as Dutch East Indies
Indu Opis	Amsterdam, Republik Belanda (indu opis global); Batavia, Hindia Timur Belanda (indu opis kedua tauka palan administrasyen menua tasik);
Kandang endur ti dilayan	Asia Tenggara; Asia Selatan; Asia–Pacifik; Selatan Afrika;
Orang kunchi	Heeren XVII [nl]⁄Lords Seventeen (Republik Belanda, 1602–1799); Jeneral Gabenor Hindia Timur Belanda (Batavia, 1610–1800);
Produk	Rempah, sutera, porselain, besi, jelu tupi, te, bijirin, berau, kachang soya, tebu, wain, kupi, ulun

Kompeni Hindia Timur Beserakup^{[lower-alpha 4]} (Belanda: Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie [vərˈeːnɪɣdə oːstˈɪndisə kɔmpɑˈɲi]; jaku kedut: VOC [veː(j)oːˈseː]), ti suah dikelala enggau nama Kompeni Hindia Timur Belanda, nya sebuah kompeni dagang ti dicharter lalu sebengkah ari kompeni saham begulai ti keterubah di dunya.^[3]^[4] Ditumbuhka Jeneral Menua Belanda kena 20 Mach 1602^[5] ti begempung enggau kompeni ti udah bisi, iya diberi monopoli pengelama 21 taun dikena bejalaika aktiviti dagang di Asia.^[6] Saham dalam kompeni nya tau dibeli sebarang peranak Republik Belanda lalu dibeli enggau dijual ba makit sekondari tebuka, siti ari pasar nya nyadi Bursa Saham Amsterdam.^[7] Kompeni nya ngembuan kuasa ti sebaka enggau perintah, nyengkaum penau beperang, jil sereta munuh orang ti diukum,^[8] berundingka sempekat, nginsil duit seling iya empu, sereta numbuhka koloni.^[9] Ketegal iya bedagang ba mayuh bengkah koloni enggau menua ari Timur enggau Barat, VOC kekadang dianggap nyadi korporat multinasional keterubah di dunya.^[10]^[11]

Ari sukut statistik, VOC nya ngelui semua kompeni ti besaing enggau iya dalam dagang Asia. Entara taun 1602 enggau 1796, VOC nganjung semak sejuta iku orang Eropah gawa ba pengawa dagang Asia ngena 4,785 iti kapal, lalu bulih jalai ketegal pengawa sida lebih ari 2.5 juta tan barang dagang Asia enggau ulun. Enti dibida, menua Eropah ke bukai enti dipegulai nganjung 882,412 iku orang ari taun 1500 ngagai 1795. Armada Inggeris, ke udah nya nyadi Kompeni Hindia Timur British, pemekit VOC ke pemadu semak, nyadi kedua ke jauh ari penyampau trafik iya, enggau 2,690 buah kapal sereta satu perlima tan barang ke dibai VOC. VOC bulih penguntung ti besai ari monopoli rempah iya nengah sebagi besai kurun ke-17.^[12]

Udah ditumbuhka dalam taun 1602 dikena ngulihka penguntung ari dagang rempah Maluku, VOC numbuhka indu nengeri ba mengeri palan penyangkai kapal Jayakarta dalam taun 1619 lalu nukar nama iya ngagai Batavia, diatu Jakarta. Dalam kandang dua kurun udah nya, kompeni nya ngulihka palan penyangkai kapal tambah nyadika palan dagang lalu nyaga pemerat sida enggau ngambi kandang menua ke ngelingi.^[13] Iya mengkang nyadika pengirau dagang ti beguna lalu mayar dividen ninting taun ti purata urung 18% ari puku pengelama semak 200 taun.^[14] Ditimbang ketegal pengawa mai barang sechara belalai, makai suap enggau ungkus pentadbiran ti majak nambah ba ujung abad ke-18, kompeni nya bankrap lalu dibuai enggau formal dalam taun 1799. Reta tengkira enggau utang iya diambi perintah Republik Batavia Belanda.

Nota

↑ The so-called voorcompagnieën (or pre-companies) include: Compagnie van Verre (Amsterdam, 1594–1598), Nieuwe Compagnie, Eerste Verenigde Compagnie op Oost-Indië (Amsterdam, 1598–1601), Oude Oost-Indische Compagnie (Amsterdam, 1598–1601), Verenigde Amsterdamse Compagnie, Nieuwe of Tweede Compagnie, Brabantsche Compagnie, Nieuwe Brabantsche Compagnie, Magelhaensche Compagnie⁄Rotterdamse Compagnie, Middelburgse Compagnie, Veerse Compagnie (Zeeland, 1597), Verenigde Zeeuwse Compagnie (Middelburg & Veere, 1600), Compagnie van De Moucheron (Zeeland, 1600), and Delftse Vennootschap. Niels Steensgaard notes, "the voorcompagnieën were not incorporated, but were run by a number of bewindhebbers, who were joined together like partners in a simple company, i.e. traded on joint account".^[1]
↑ Nyadi lembaga pengarah
↑ Nyadi ketuai eksekutif de facto
↑ The direct translation of the Dutch name Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie is United East-India Company. For the VOC's different English-language trade names, see articles: East India Company (disambiguation); Greater India; East India; East Indies; Dutch East Indies; Dutch India; Voorcompagnie; List of Dutch East India Company trading posts and settlements.

Kereban sanding

↑ Steensgaard, Niels (1974). The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-77139-3.
↑ "The Dutch East India Company (VOC)". Canon van Nederland. Archived from the original on 1 December 2010. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
↑ "Exchange History NL – 400 years: the story". Exchange History NL. Archived from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
↑ Fergusson, Niall. The Ascent of Money – A Financial History of the World (2009 ed.). London: Penguin. pp. 128–132.
↑ "VOC Knowledge Center – VOC Beginnings". VOC-Kenniscentrum (in Belanda). Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
↑ Fergusson, Niall. The Ascent of Money (2009 ed.). London: Penguin. p. 129. [a monopoly on] all Dutch trade east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan
↑ Fergusson, Niall. The Ascent of Money – A Financial History of the World (2009 ed.). London: Penguin Books. pp. 129–133.
↑ "Slave Ship Mutiny: Program Transcript". Secrets of the Dead. PBS. 11 November 2010. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
↑ Ames, Glenn J. (2008). The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500–1700. pp. 102–103.
↑ Koloniaal Verleden Archived 7 Februari 2015 at the Wayback Machine VOC at the National Library of the Netherlands (in Dutch)
↑ Updated 10.19.2016, Ben Phelan Posted 01 07 2013. "Dutch East India Company: The World's First Multinational". Antiques Roadshow. PBS. Retrieved 2024-01-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
↑ Van Boven, M. W. (2006). "Memory of the World – Archives of the Dutch East India Company: Nomination Form – VOC Archives Appendix 2". Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
↑ Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-13492-0.
↑ Taylor, Bryan. "The Rise And Fall Of The Largest Corporation In History". Business Insider. Retrieved 2024-04-30.

Bibliografi

De Vries, Jan; Van der Woude, Ad (1997). The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500–1815. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-57061-1.
Fusaro, Maria; Allaire, Bernard; Blakemore, Richard J.; Vanneste, Tijl, eds. (2015). Law, Labour and Empire: Comparative Perspectives on Seafarers, c. 1500–1800. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-44746-3.
Ricklefs, M. C. (1993). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300. London: MacMillan. ISBN 0-333-57689-6.
Chaudhuri, K. N.; Israel, J. I. (1991). Israel, J. I. (ed.). The Anglo-Dutch Moment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution and Its World Impact. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39075-3.

Laman web ke bukai

Pejalai VOC – pangkalan data online pejalai kapal VOC
Atlas Pesaka Saling – atlas online palan pengentap pendiau VOC enggau GWC
(dalam jaku Belanda) Pangkalan data raban kru VOC Diarkib
Gerempung Sejarah VOC Diarkib
Perang VOC
Arkib VOC ari arkib nasional Indonesia Diarkib

[2] The so-called voorcompagnieën (or pre-companies) include: Compagnie van Verre (Amsterdam, 1594–1598), Nieuwe Compagnie, Eerste Verenigde Compagnie op Oost-Indië (Amsterdam, 1598–1601), Oude Oost-Indische Compagnie (Amsterdam, 1598–1601), Verenigde Amsterdamse Compagnie, Nieuwe of Tweede Compagnie, Brabantsche Compagnie, Nieuwe Brabantsche Compagnie, Magelhaensche Compagnie⁄Rotterdamse Compagnie, Middelburgse Compagnie, Veerse Compagnie (Zeeland, 1597), Verenigde Zeeuwse Compagnie (Middelburg & Veere, 1600), Compagnie van De Moucheron (Zeeland, 1600), and Delftse Vennootschap. Niels Steensgaard notes, "the voorcompagnieën were not incorporated, but were run by a number of bewindhebbers, who were joined together like partners in a simple company, i.e. traded on joint account".^[1]

[4] Nyadi lembaga pengarah

[5] Nyadi ketuai eksekutif de facto

[6] The direct translation of the Dutch name Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie is United East-India Company. For the VOC's different English-language trade names, see articles: East India Company (disambiguation); Greater India; East India; East Indies; Dutch East Indies; Dutch India; Voorcompagnie; List of Dutch East India Company trading posts and settlements.

[1] Steensgaard, Niels (1974). The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-77139-3.

[3] "The Dutch East India Company (VOC)". Canon van Nederland. Archived from the original on 1 December 2010. Retrieved 19 March 2011.

[7] "Exchange History NL – 400 years: the story". Exchange History NL. Archived from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022.

[8] Fergusson, Niall. The Ascent of Money – A Financial History of the World (2009 ed.). London: Penguin. pp. 128–132.

[9] "VOC Knowledge Center – VOC Beginnings". VOC-Kenniscentrum (in Belanda). Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022.

[10] Fergusson, Niall. The Ascent of Money (2009 ed.). London: Penguin. p. 129. [a monopoly on] all Dutch trade east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan

[11] Fergusson, Niall. The Ascent of Money – A Financial History of the World (2009 ed.). London: Penguin Books. pp. 129–133.

[12] "Slave Ship Mutiny: Program Transcript". Secrets of the Dead. PBS. 11 November 2010. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2010.

[13] Ames, Glenn J. (2008). The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500–1700. pp. 102–103.

[14] Koloniaal Verleden Archived 7 Februari 2015 at the Wayback Machine VOC at the National Library of the Netherlands (in Dutch)

[15] Updated 10.19.2016, Ben Phelan Posted 01 07 2013. "Dutch East India Company: The World's First Multinational". Antiques Roadshow. PBS. Retrieved 2024-01-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[:1-16] Van Boven, M. W. (2006). "Memory of the World – Archives of the Dutch East India Company: Nomination Form – VOC Archives Appendix 2". Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2010.

[17] Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-13492-0.

[18] Taylor, Bryan. "The Rise And Fall Of The Largest Corporation In History". Business Insider. Retrieved 2024-04-30.

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