Pegi ngagai isi

Jaku Czech

Edit link
Ari Wikipedia
Czech
čeština, český jazyk
Dikena baRepublik Czech
BansaBansa Czech
PejakuL1: 9.6 juta (2012)e27
L2: 2.7 million (2012)[1]
Total: 12 million (2012)[1]
Perugan jaku
Tukuh kelia
Dialek
Status resmi
Jaku rasmi ba
Diaku jaku
minoriti ba
DiaturInstitut Jaku Czech
(ari Akademi Sains Republik Czech)
Kod jaku
ISO 639-1cs
ISO 639-2cze (B)
ces (T)
ISO 639-3ces
Linguasphere53-AAA-da < 53-AAA-b...-d
(varieties: 53-AAA-daa to 53-AAA-dam)
IETFcs[4]
Artikel tu ngundan lambang fonetik IPA. Enti nadai meri sukung ti betul, nuan engka meda tanda tanya, kutak, tauka lambang bukai nganti urup Unicode. Ngambika nemu panduan pemuka pasal lambang IPA, peda Bantu:IPA.

Jaku Czech ( /tʃɛk/ CHEK; Czech: čeština [ˈtʃɛʃcɪna]), nitihka sejarah mega dikelala enggau nama Jaku Bohemia[5] (Latin: lingua Bohemica), iya nya jaku Slavik Barat ari raban Czech–Slovak, ditulis ngena urup Latin.[5] Dikena lebih 12 juta iku orang nyengkaum orang ke ngena jaku kedua, jaku tu nyadi jaku rasmi Republik Czech. Jaku Czech bekaul rat enggau jaku Slovak, nyentuk ngagai tikas saling meretika ti tinggi, pia mega enggau jaku Poland ke ngundan tikas ti kurang agi.[6] Jaku Czech nya jaku fusional enggau sistem morfologi ti kaya sereta atur leka jaku ti fleksibel. Leka jaku iya udah mayuh ngambi kuing jaku Latin enggau Jereman.

Raban Czech-Slovak mansang dalam jaku Slavik Barat ba timpuh abad tengah ti tinggi, lalu standardisasyen jaku Czech enggau Slovak dalam kontinum dialek Czech-Slovak nyadi ba timpuh moden pemungkal. Ba ujung abad ke-18 ngagai tengan abad ke-19, standard tulis moden nyadi dikod dalam konteks Pengangkat Nasional Czech. Varieti ukai standard ti pemadu mayuh dikena, dikelala enggau nama Czech Biasa, bepelasarka jaku vernakular Praha, tang diatu disebut nyadi interdialek ba serata mayuh kandang endur Bohemia. Dialek Moravia ke dikena ba Moravia enggau Silesia Czech jauh bemacham ari dialek Bohemia.[7]

Jaku Czech ngembuan inventori fonem ti sederhana pemesai, ti mungkur sepuluh iti monoftong, tiga iti diftong enggau 25 iti konsonan (dibagi ngagai kategori "keras", "neutral" enggau "lembut"). Leka jaku tau ngundan perugan konsonan ti mar tauka nadai vokal sama sekali. Jaku Czech ngembuan trill alveolar ti diangkat, ti dikelala nyadi fonem dalam sekeda jaku bukai aja, ti diarika grafem ř.

Agih geografi

[edit | edit bunsu]
Map of Vojvodina, a province of Serbia, with Czech in official use in one southeastern municipality
Pengawa rasmi ngena jaku Czech ba Vojvodina, Serbia (bechura biru muda)

Jaku Czech dikena urung 10 juta iku peranak Republik Czech.[8][9] Pansik Eurobarometer ke digaga ari bulan Januari nyentuk ke Mac 2012 tetemuka jaku keterubah ke dikena 98 peratus peranak Czech iya nya jaku Czech, iya nya jaku ketiga pemadu mayuh ba penyampau tubuh ba Serakup Eropah (di belakang Gerika enggau Hungari).[10]

Nyadi jaku rasmi Republik Czech (kaban Serakup Eropah kenyau ari taun 2004), jaku Czech nyadi siti ari jaku rasmi EU lalu pansik Eurobarometer 2012 tetemuka jaku Czech nyadi jaku luar ke pemadu suah dikena di Slovakia. Pakar ekonomi Jonathan van Parys ngumpul data pasal penemu jaku di Eropah ungkup Hari Jaku Eropah 2012. Lima bengkah menua ke pemadu mayuh ngena jaku Czech iya nya Republik Czech (98.77 peratus), Slovakia (24.86 peratus), Portugal (1.93 peratus), Poland (0.98 peratus) enggau Jereman (0.47 peratus).[11]

Orang ke bejaku Czech di Slovakia mayuh diau ba mengeri. Laban jaku nya jaku minoriti ke diaku di Slovakia, peranak Slovakia ke semina bejaku Czech tau berandau enggau perintah ngena jaku sida ngena chara ke sama baka orang ke bejaku Slovak di Republik Czech mega.[12]

Chunto teks

[edit | edit bunsu]

Artikel 1 ari Deklarasyen Sedunya Hak Asasi Mensia dalam jaku Czech:

Všichni lidé rodí se svobodní a sobě rovní co do důstojnosti a práv. Jsou nadáni rozumem a svědomím a mají spolu jednat v duchu bratrství.[13]

Artikel 1 Deklarasyen Sedunya Hak Asasi Mensia dalam Jaku Iban:

Semua mensia ada bibas sereta sama dalam basa enggau hak. Sida diberi penemu enggau pengasai ati lalu patut ngereja pengawa ngagai pangan diri enggau semengat menyadi.

Nota

[edit | edit bunsu]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Penyalat nyebut: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama e27
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "Full list". Council of Europe.
  3. ↑ Ministry of Interior of Poland: Act of 6 January 2005 on national and ethnic minorities and on the regional languages
  4. ↑ IANA language subtag registry, retrieved October 15, 2018
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Czech language". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  6. ↑ Swan, Oscar E. (2002). A grammar of contemporary Polish (in Inggeris). Bloomington, Ind.: Slavica. p. 5. ISBN 0893572969. OCLC 50064627.
  7. ↑ Rejzek, Jiří (2021). Zrození češtiny (in Czech). Prague: Univerzita Karlova, Filozofická fakulta. pp. 102, 130. ISBN 978-80-7422-799-8.
  8. ↑ Cerna & Machalek 2007, p. 26
  9. ↑ Naughton 2005, p. 2
  10. ↑ "Europeans and Their Languages" (PDF). Eurobarometer. June 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-06-22. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
  11. ↑ van Parys, Jonathan (2012). "Language knowledge in the European Union". Language Knowledge. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
  12. ↑ Škrobák, Zdeněk. "Language Policy of Slovak Republic" (PDF). Annual of Language & Politics and Politics of Identity. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2014. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
  13. ↑ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights". unicode.org. Archived from the original on 2022-01-07. Retrieved 2022-01-07.

Penyanding

[edit | edit bunsu]
  • Agnew, Hugh LeCaine (1994). Origins of the Czech National Renascence. University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0-8229-8549-5.
  • Dankovičová, Jana (1999). "Czech". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association (9th ed.). International Phonetic Association/Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0.
  • Cerna, Iva; Machalek, Jolana (2007). Beginner's Czech. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 978-0-7818-1156-9.
  • Chloupek, Jan; Nekvapil, Jiří (1993). Studies in Functional Stylistics. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-272-1545-1.
  • Eckert, Eva (1993). Varieties of Czech: Studies in Czech Sociolinguistics. Editions Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-5183-490-1.
  • Esposito, Anna (2011). Analysis of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication and Enactment: The Processing Issues. Springer Press. ISBN 978-3-642-25774-2.
  • Hajičová, Eva (1986). Prague Studies in Mathematical Linguistics (9th ed.). John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-1527-7.
  • Harkins, William Edward (1952). A Modern Czech Grammar. King's Crown Press (Columbia University).
  • Komárek, Miroslav (2012). Dějiny českého jazyka (in Czech). Brno: Host. ISBN 978-80-7294-591-7.
  • Kortmann, Bernd; van der Auwera, Johan (2011). The Languages and Linguistics of Europe: A Comprehensive Guide (World of Linguistics). Mouton De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-022025-4.
  • Koudela, Břetislav; et al. (1964). Vývoj českého jazyka a dialektologie (in Czech). Československé státní pedagogické nakladatelství.
  • Liberman, Anatoly; Trubetskoi, Nikolai S. (2001). N.S. Trubetzkoy: Studies in General Linguistics and Language Structure. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-2299-3.
  • Mann, Stuart Edward (1957). Czech Historical Grammar. Helmut Buske Verlag.
  • Mathesius, Vilém (2013). A Functional Analysis of Present Day English on a General Linguistic Basis. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-90-279-3077-4.
  • Maxwell, Alexander (2009). Choosing Slovakia: Slavic Hungary, the Czechoslovak Language and Accidental Nationalism. Tauris Academic Studies. ISBN 978-1-84885-074-3.
  • Naughton, James (2005). Czech: An Essential Grammar. Routledge Press. ISBN 978-0-415-28785-2.
  • Pansofia (1993). Pravidla českého pravopisu (in Czech). Ústav pro jazyk český AV ČR. ISBN 978-80-901373-6-3.
  • Piotrowski, Michael (2012). Natural Language Processing for Historical Texts. Morgan & Claypool Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60845-946-9.
  • Qualls, Eduard J. (2012). The Qualls Concise English Grammar. Danaan Press. ISBN 978-1-890000-09-7.
  • Rothstein, Björn; Thieroff, Rolf (2010). Mood in the Languages of Europe. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-272-0587-2.
  • Short, David (2009). "Czech and Slovak". In Bernard Comrie (ed.). The World's Major Languages (2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 305–330.
  • Scheer, Tobias (2004). A Lateral Theory of Phonology: What is CVCV, and why Should it Be?, Part 1. Walter De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017871-5.
  • Stankiewicz, Edward (1986). The Slavic Languages: Unity in Diversity. Mouton De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-009904-1.
  • Sussex, Rolan; Cubberley, Paul (2011). The Slavic Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. ISBN 978-0-521-29448-5.
  • Tahal, Karel (2010). A grammar of Czech as a foreign language. Factum.
  • Wilson, James (2009). Moravians in Prague: A Sociolinguistic Study of Dialect Contact in the Czech. Peter Lang International Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-3-631-58694-5.

Laman web ke bukai

[edit | edit bunsu]
Diambi ari "https://iba.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaku_Czech&oldid=12642"