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Hamas

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Islamic Resistance Movement
حركة المقاومة الإسلامية
Chairman of the Political BureauHamas temporary committee[1][2]
Deputy Chairman of the Political BureauVacant
Chairman of the Shura CouncilMuhammad Ismail Darwish
Leader in the Gaza StripIzz al-Din al-Haddad[3]
Military commanderIzz al-Din al-Haddad[3]
Founders
... and others
Founded10 December 1987
(Templat:Age in years and days)
HeadquartersGaza City, Gaza Strip
Armed wingAl-Qassam Brigades
Ideology
Political positionRight-wing[26]
ReligionSunni Islam
International affiliationAxis of Resistance (informal)
Political alliance
Colours  Green
Palestinian Legislative Council
74 / 132
Party flag
Website
hamasinfo.info
(archived - 6 February 2025)

Kebut Pengelaban Islam, dipandakka Hamas (akronim ari Arab: حركة المقاومة الإسلامية, rumi: Ḥarakat al-Muqāwamah al-ʾIslāmiyyah),[27] iya nya gerempung politik nasionalis Palestin[28] Islamis Sunni enggau sayap soldadu, Briged al-Qassam. Iya udah merintah Semenanjung Gaza ti dipegai Israel kenyau ari taun 2007.[29][30]

Kebut Hamas ditumbuhka pakar Islam Palestin Ahmed Yassin dalam taun 1987, sepengudah Intifada Keterubah nyadi ngelaban kuasa Israel. Iya pansut ari gerempung pengasih Islam Mujama al-Islamiya iya taun 1973 ti bekaul enggau Ikhwanul Muslimin.[31] Keterubah iya, Hamas disukung Israel enggau chara bejimat, nyadika timbang ngagai Gerempung Pengelepas Palestin (PLO) sekular dikena nagang pengawa numbuhka nengeri Palestin ti meredeka.[32][33] Ba pengawa bepilih legislatif Palestin taun 2006, Hamas bulih majoriti dalam Kaunsil Legislatif Palestin nengah chara bekimpin ba semaya perintah ti nadai makai suap sereta ngasuh pengawa ngelaban nyadika chara dikena ngelepaska Palestin ari dipegai Israel.[34][35] Dalam Perang Gaza taun 2007, Hamas ngerampas kuasa Semenanjung Gaza ari raban Palestin ti nyadi pemekit Fatah,[36][37] lalu kenyau ari nya udah merintah kandang menua nya kediri ari Lembaga Bansa Palestin. Pengudah Hamas ngambi alih, Israel enggau signifikan neritka agi tagang pemindah ke diatu lalu neritka sekat penuh ba Semenanjung Gaza.[38] Ejip mega berengkah nyekat Gaza maya tu. Tu ditangkan enggau mayuh bengkah perang enggau Israel, nyengkaum ke nyadi ba taun 2008–09, 2012, 2014, 2021, enggau perang ke majak nyadi kenyau ari taun 2023, ke berengkah enggau serang 7 Oktober.

Kereban sanding

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  1. ↑ "Hamas to be temporarily led by five-member ruling committee". The Arab Weekly (in Inggeris). Retrieved 24 October 2024.
  2. ↑ "Who will lead Hamas after killing of Yahya Sinwar?". BBC (in Inggeris). Retrieved 24 October 2024.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Hamas's Gaza City commander, Izz al-Din al-Haddad, to replace Sinwar as Hamas chief". Jerusalem Post. 2 June 2025. Retrieved 5 June 2025.
  4. ↑ "Hamas founder Muhammad Taha passed away". World Bulletin. 12 November 2014. Archived from the original on October 24, 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  5. ↑ Downs, Ray. "Hamas leader dead after 'accidental' gunshot to head". UPI. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
  6. ↑ Abdelal 2016, p. 122.
  7. ↑ Dalloul 2017.
  8. ↑ Abu-Amr 1993, p. 10.
  9. ↑ Litvak 1998, p. 151.
  10. ↑ Barzak 2011.
  11. ↑ AFP 2019.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Dalacoura 2012, pp. 66–67.
  13. ↑ Dunning 2016, p. 270.
  14. ↑ [12][13]
  15. ↑ Klein, Menachem (2007). "Hamas in Power". Middle East Journal. 61 (3): 442–459. doi:10.3751/61.3.13. ISSN 0026-3141. JSTOR 4330419.
  16. ↑ May, Tiffany (8 October 2023). "A Quick Look at Hamas". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
  17. ↑ Maqdsi, Muhammad. "Charter of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) of Palestine" (PDF). Palestine Studies. University of California Press. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  18. ↑ [15][16][17]
  19. ↑ Gelvin 2014, p. 226: "As with Islamic political organizations elsewhere, Hamas offers its followers an ideology that appropriates the universal message of Islam for what is, in effect, a nationalist struggle."
  20. ↑ [12][19]
  21. ↑ Stepanova 2008, p. 113.
  22. ↑ Cheema 2008, p. 465: "Hamas considers Palestine the main front of jihad and viewed the uprising as an Islamic way of fighting the Occupation. The organisation's leaders argued that Islam gave the Palestinian people the power to confront Israel and described the Intifada as the return of the masses to Islam. Since its inception, Hamas has tried to reconcile nationalism and Islam. [...] Hamas claims to speak as a nationalist movement but with an Islamic-nationalist rather than a secular nationalist agenda."
  23. ↑ Litvak 2004, pp. 156–57: "Hamas is primarily a religious movement whose nationalist worldview is shaped by its religious ideology."
  24. ↑ [12][21][22][23]
  25. ↑ Mishal & Sela 2006.
  26. ↑
    • Halabi 2016: "The failure of the Palestinian left in consolidating a counterweight to the right-wing Islamic Hamas or to the centrist Fatah, furthermore, left Palestinian voters with no viable alternative to Hamas or Fatah."
    • Best et al. 2025: "Indeed, more than anything, the Gaza Wars between 2006 and 2014 reflected that a modus vivendi had been reached between a right-wing Israeli government and a right-wing Hamas..."
    • Mabon & Ardovini 2018: "From a political perspective, Hamas ideologically leans more to a right-wing view in its political sense..."
  27. ↑ "HAMAS". National Counterterrorism Center. Director of National Intelligence#Office of the Director of National Intelligence. September 2022. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  28. ↑ Lopez, Anthony; Ireland, Carol; Ireland, Jane; Lewis, Michael (2020). The Handbook of Collective Violence: Current Developments and Understanding. Taylor & Francis. p. 239. ISBN 9780429588952. The most successful radical Sunni Islamist group has been Hamas, which began as a branch of the Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine in the early 1980s. It used terrorist attacks against civilians – particularly suicide bombings – to help build a larger movement, going so far as to emerge as the recognized government of the Gaza Strip in the Palestine Authority.
  29. ↑ Kear 2018.
  30. ↑ "What is Hamas? A simple guide to the armed Palestinian group". Al Jazeera. 8 October 2023. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  31. ↑ Higgins, Andrew (24 January 2009). "How Israel Helped to Spawn Hamas". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2023. When Israel first encountered Islamists in Gaza in the 1970s and '80s, they seemed focused on studying the Quran, not on confrontation with Israel. The Israeli government officially recognized a precursor to Hamas called Mujama Al-Islamiya, registering the group as a charity. It allowed Mujama members to set up an Islamic university and build mosques, clubs and schools. Crucially, Israel often stood aside when the Islamists and their secular left-wing Palestinian rivals battled, sometimes violently, for influence in both Gaza and the West Bank. 'When I look back at the chain of events I think we made a mistake,' says David Hacham, who worked in Gaza in the late 1980s and early '90s as an Arab-affairs expert in the Israeli military. 'But at the time nobody thought about the possible results.' Israeli officials who served in Gaza disagree on how much their own actions may have contributed to the rise of Hamas. They blame the group's recent ascent on outsiders, primarily Iran. This view is shared by the Israeli government. 'Hamas in Gaza was built by Iran as a foundation for power, and is backed through funding, through training and through the provision of advanced weapons,' Mr. Olmert said last Saturday. Hamas has denied receiving military assistance from Iran.
  32. ↑ Khalidi, Rashid (2020). The Hundred Years' War on Palestine. Metropolitan Books. p. 223. ISBN 978-1-627-79855-6.
  33. ↑ Schneider, Tal (8 October 2023). "For years, Netanyahu propped up Hamas. Now it's blown up in our faces". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 31 July 2025.
  34. ↑ "Hamas wins huge majority". Al Jazeera (in Inggeris). Retrieved 5 August 2024.
  35. ↑ McGreal, Chris (27 January 2006). "Hamas faces unexpected challenge: how to deal with power". The Guardian (in Inggeris British). ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
  36. ↑ Davis 2017.
  37. ↑ Mukhimer 2012.
  38. ↑ "The Gaza Strip | The humanitarian impact of 15 years of blockade – June 2022". Archived from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
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