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HIV/AIDS

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HIV/AIDS
Nama bukaiHIV disease, HIV infection[1][2]
A red ribbon in the shape of a bow
The red ribbon is a symbol for solidarity with HIV-positive people and those living with AIDS.[3]
SpecialtyInfectious disease, immunology
Symptoms
ComplicationsOpportunistic infections, tumors[4]
TimpuhLifelong[4]
KebuahHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)[4]
Faktor risikoUnprotected anal or vaginal sex, having another sexually transmitted infection, needle sharing, medical procedures involving unsterile cutting or piercing, and experiencing needlestick injury[4]
Chara diagnostikBlood tests[4]
PenagangUsing male or female condom during sex,[5] being tested for HIV and sexually transmitted infections,[5] having a voluntary medical male circumcision,[5] using harm reduction services for people who inject and use drugs,[5] antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) (including oral Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and long acting products,[5] dapivirine vaginal rings,[5] injectable long acting cabotegravir, etc.[5] post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)[5] safe sex
Chara berubatAntiretroviral drugs (ARVs)[4]
Prognosis
  • Normal life expectancy with treatment[5]
  • 11 years life expectancy without treatment[6]
Frequency
  • 73.4–116.4 million total cases[7]
  • 1.3 million new cases (2024)[7]
  • 40.8 million living with HIV (2024)[7]
Pemati
  • 44.1 million total deaths[7]
  • 630,000 (2024)[7]

Virus kurang daya tan ngelaban penyakit (HIV)[8][9][10] nya siti virus retro[11] ti nyerang sistem imun. Enti nadai berubat, iya tau ngujungka mayuh macham penyakit nyengkaum sindrom kurang daya tan ngelaban penyakit ke diulih (AIDS).[12] Iya nyadi penyakit ti ulih diseliahka. Iya ulih diatur enggau chara berubat lalu nyadi gaya pengerai kronik ti ulih diatur. Taja pan nadai chara ngubat tauka vaksin HIV, chara berubat antiretroviral ulih ngelaunka pejalai penyakit tu, lalu enti dikena sebedau penyakit nya majak balat, ulih ngemanjaika timpuh idup orang ke idup enggau HIV ngagai tikas ke semak enggau standard.[13] Orang ke positif HIV ti benung berubat tau ngarapka diri idup baka selama, lalu mati enggau virus nya, ukai ari iya.[12][14] Chara ngubat orang ke positif HIV (orang ke idup enggau HIV) enggau efektif ngaul rejimen ubat sepemanjai umur dikena nagang virus, ngasuh beban virus enda ulih ditemu.

Pengawa berubat dikemendarka enggau naka pengelengkas pengudah diagnosis digaga.[15] Orang ke positif HIV ke ngembuan beban virus ke enda ulih ditemu asil ari berubat timpuh panjai enggau efektif nadai risiko ngerembaika HIV nengah chara seksual.[16][17] Kimpin UNAIDS enggau gerempung di serata dunya udah ngenataika pekara tu nyadi Enda Ulih Dikesan = Enda Ulih Dirampit.[18]

Enti nadai berubat, igi penyakit tu ulih ngachau sistem imun, lalu pengujung iya nyadi AIDS, kekadang begunaka timpuh betaun-taun. Berindik ari kena rampit keterubah iya, individu engka enda beratika sebarang simptom, tauka tau ngasaika timpuh pandak penyakit baka influenza.[19] Dalam timpuh tu orang nya engka enda nemu diri positif HIV, tang taja pia iya deka ulih ngerembaika virus nya. Biasa iya, timpuh tu ditangkan enggau timpuh pemeram ti panjai enggau nadai simptom.[12] Pengujung iya rampit HIV tu nambahka risiko kena rampit jangkitan bukai baka tibi, pia mega jangkitan oportunistik bukai, enggau tumor ti jarang nyadi ba orang ti ngembuan fungsi imun ti normal.[19] Renggat laun mega suah dikaitka enggau berat tubuh ti enda sengaja nurun.[12] Enti nadai berubat orang ke idup enggau HIV ulih ngarapka diri idup pengelama 11 taun.[20] Peresa tumu ulih nunjukka enti begunaka chara berubat dikena nagang pengerembai tu sereta dikena nyeliahka ari ngerampit orang bukai.

HIV ngerekai kelebih agi nengah seks ti enda dijaga (nyengkaum seks tumbung, mulut enggau puki), jarum hipodermik ti kamah tauka meri darah, sereta ari indai ngagai anak maya ngandung, beranak, tauka nusu.[21] Sekeda ai tubuh baka ai liur, peluh enggau ai mata enda ngerembaika virus tu.[22] Seks oral bisi mimit risiko ngerembaika virus tu.[23] Chara dikena nyeliahka diri ari kena rampit HIV sereta nagang pengerekai nyengkaum seks ti likun, chara berubat dikena nagang penyakit berampit ("PrEP"), chara berubat dikena nagang penyakit berampit ba orang ti baru udah kena rampit ("PEP"),[19] ngubat sida ti kena rampit, enggau program betukar jarum. Penyakit ba anak mit suah ulih ditagang enggau meri indai enggau anak mit ubat antiretroviral.[19]

Diaku di serata dunya ba pun taun 1980-an,[24] HIV/AIDS udah meri empas ti besai ngagai mensia mayuh, sekalika nyadi penyakit tauka nyadi pun diskriminasyen.[25] Penyakit tu mega meri empas ekonomi ti besai.[25] Mayuh penemu ti salah pasal HIV/AIDS, baka penemu ti madahka iya ulih berampit nengah chara kasual ti ukai seksual.[26] Penyakit tu udah nyadi subjek mayuh kontroversi ti bekaul enggau pengarap, nyengkaum penetap Gerija Katolik ti enda nyukung ngena kondom nyadika chara nagang.[27] Iya udah narit ati ari sukut perubat enggau politik entarabansa sereta mega belanja ti besai kenyau ari iya dikelala dalam taun 1980-an.[28]

HIV berampit ari primata bukai ngagai mensia di barat-tengah Afrika ba pun ngagai tengan kurun ke-20.[29] AIDS keterubah iya dikelala Palan Nagang enggau Nyeliahka Penyakit (CDC) Amerika Serikat dalam taun 1981 lalu pun iya—rampit HIV—dikelala ba pun dekad nya.[24] Entara keterubah iya AIDS mudah dikelala nyentuk taun 2024, penyakit tu dipelabaka udah ngujungka pemadu mimit 42.3 juta iku orang mati di serata dunya.[13] Ba taun 2023, 630,000 iku orang mati ketegal kebuah ti bekaul enggau HIV, dipelabaka 1.3 juta iku orang bulih HIV lalu urung 39.9 juta iku orang di serata dunya idup enggau HIV, 65% ari sida nya ba Kandang Afrika Gerempung Pengerai Sedunya (WHO).[30] HIV/AIDS dianggap nyadi pandemik —penyakit ti nyadi ba kandang endur ti besai sereta benung chakah ngerekai.[31] Institut Pengerai Nasional Amerika Syarikat (NIH) enggau Yayasan Gates udah besemaya deka meri $200 juta ti fokus ngagai pengawa ngaga chara ngubat AIDS ba renggat dunya.[32]

Kereban sanding

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  1. ↑ Penyalat nyebut: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama AIDS2010GOV
  2. ↑ "HIV Classification: CDC and WHO Staging Systems". AIDS Education & Training Center Program. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
  3. ↑ "Wear your red ribbon this World AIDS Day". UNAIDS. Archived from the original on September 10, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Penyalat nyebut: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama WHO2015Fact
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 "HIV and AIDS". World Health Organization. 22 July 2024. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  6. ↑ Penyalat nyebut: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama UNAIDS2007
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Penyalat nyebut: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama UN2022
  8. ↑ Sepkowitz KA (June 2001). "AIDS – the first 20 years". The New England Journal of Medicine. 344 (23): 1764–72. doi:10.1056/NEJM200106073442306. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 11396444.
  9. ↑ Krämer, Alexander; Kretzschmar, Mirjam; Krickeberg, Klaus (2010). Modern infectious disease epidemiology concepts, methods, mathematical models, and public health (Online-Ausg. ed.). New York: Springer. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-387-93835-6. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
  10. ↑ Kirch, Wilhelm (2008). Encyclopedia of Public Health. New York: Springer. pp. 676–77. ISBN 978-1-4020-5613-0. Archived from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
  11. ↑ "Retrovirus Definition". AIDSinfo. Archived from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 "About HIV/AIDS". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). December 6, 2015. Archived from the original on February 24, 2016. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 UNAIDS (May 18, 2012). "The quest for an HIV vaccine". Archived from the original on May 24, 2012.
  14. ↑ UNAIDS (May 18, 2012). "The quest for an HIV vaccine". Archived from the original on May 24, 2012.
  15. ↑ Guideline on when to start antiretroviral therapy and on pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV (PDF). World Health Organization. 2015. p. 13. ISBN 978-92-4-150956-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 14, 2015.
  16. ↑ McCray, Eugene; Mermin, Jonathan (September 27, 2017). "Dear Colleague: September 27, 2017". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
  17. ↑ LeMessurier, J; Traversy, G; Varsaneux, O; Weekes, M; Avey, MT; Niragira, O; Gervais, R; Guyatt, G; Rodin, R (November 19, 2018). "Risk of sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus with antiretroviral therapy, suppressed viral load and condom use: a systematic review". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 190 (46): E1350–E1360. doi:10.1503/cmaj.180311. PMC 6239917. PMID 30455270.
  18. ↑ "Undetectable = untransmittable". UNAIDS. Archived from the original on December 11, 2023. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 "HIV/AIDS Fact sheet N°360". World Health Organization. November 2015. Archived from the original on February 17, 2016. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  20. ↑ UNAIDS; World Health Organization (December 2007). "2007 AIDS epidemic update" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2008.
  21. ↑ Rom WN, Markowitz SB, eds. (2007). Environmental and occupational medicine (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 745. ISBN 978-0-7817-6299-1. Archived from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
  22. ↑ "HIV and Its Transmission". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2003. Archived from the original on February 4, 2005. Retrieved May 23, 2006.
  23. ↑ "Preventing Sexual Transmission of HIV". HIV.gov. April 9, 2021. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Gallo RC (October 2006). "A reflection on HIV/AIDS research after 25 years". Retrovirology. 3 (1) 72. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-3-72. PMC 1629027. PMID 17054781.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "The impact of AIDS on people and societies" (PDF). 2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic. UNAIDS. 2006. ISBN 978-92-9173-479-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 4, 2006. Retrieved June 16, 2006.
  26. ↑ Endersby, Jim (2016). "Myth Busters". Science. 351 (6268): 35. Bibcode:2016Sci...351...35E. doi:10.1126/science.aad2891. S2CID 51608938. Archived from the original on February 22, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  27. ↑ McCullom, Rob (February 26, 2013). "An African Pope Won't Change the Vatican's Views on Condoms and AIDS". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  28. ↑ Harden, Victoria Angela (2012). AIDS at 30: A History. Potomac Books Inc. p. 324. ISBN 978-1-59797-294-9.
  29. ↑ Sharp PM, Hahn BH (September 2011). "Origins of HIV and the AIDS pandemic". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 1 (1) a006841. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a006841. PMC 3234451. PMID 22229120.
  30. ↑ "Global HIV & AIDS statistics — 2022 fact sheet". UNAIDS. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
  31. ↑ Kallings LO (March 2008). "The first postmodern pandemic: 25 years of HIV/AIDS". Journal of Internal Medicine. 263 (3): 218–43. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x. PMID 18205765. S2CID 205339589.(subscription required)
  32. ↑ "NIH launches new collaboration to develop gene-based cures for sickle cell disease and HIV on global scale". National Institutes of Health (NIH). October 23, 2019. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved September 24, 2021.

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