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Estonia

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Republik Estonia
Eesti Vabariik (Estonia)
Flag of Estonia
Menira
Coat of arms of Estonia
Lambang menua
Anthem: 
Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm
(Iban: "Menua Asal Aku, Pengelantang enggau Pengaga Aku"[1])
Location of Estonia (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the European Union (green)  –  [Legend]
Location of Estonia (dark green)

– in Europe (green & dark grey)
– in the European Union (green)  –  [Legend]

Indu menua
enggau nengeri ke pemadu besai
Tallinn
59°25′N 24°45′E / 59.417°N 24.750°E / 59.417; 24.750
Jaku rasmiEstonia[lower-alpha 1]
Raban bansa (2024[10])
Pengarap
(2021[11])
PerintahRepublik beparlimen begempung
• Presiden
Alar Karis
Kristen Michal
Aum KaunsilRiigikogu
Medereka 
ari Rusia enggau Jereman
23–24 Februari 1918
• Nyeretai Liga Bansa
22 September 1921
1940–1991
20 August 1991
Menua
• Pemesai
45,335[12] km2 (17,504 bt2) (129thd)
• Ai (%)
4.6
Penyampau tubuh
• 2024 estimate
Neutral increase1,373,101[13]
• 2021 census
1,331,824[14]
• Pemayuh tubuh
30.3/km2 (78.5/sq mi) (148th)
GDP (PPP)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $61.598 billion[15] (113th)
• Per capita
Increase $45,122[15] (41st)
GDP (nominal)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $43.486 billion[15] (102nd)
• Per capita
Increase $31,854[15] (36th)
Gini (2021)Negative increase 30.6[16]
medium
HDI (2022)Increase 0.899[17]
very high · 31st
Mata duitEuro (€) (EUR)
Zon jamUTC+02:00 (EET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+03:00 (EEST)
Tisi deribaright
Kod talipaun+372
Kod ISO 3166EE
TLD Internet.ee
  1. ^ Estonia regained its de facto independence in 1991. Throughout the 1940–1941 and 1944–1991 Soviet occupation, Estonia's de jure state continuity was preserved by diplomatic representatives and the government-in-exile.

Estonia,[lower-alpha 2] tauka nama resmi iya Republik Estonia,[lower-alpha 3] nya sebengkah menua semak Tasik Baltik ba Eropah Utara.[lower-alpha 4] Menua tu bekunsi garis entara menua enggau Finland nengah Teluk Finland, nengah Tasik Baltik ba barat, beadan enggau Sweden, lalu ba tanah, menua tu bekunsi sempadan enggau Latvia ba sepiak selatan, enggau Rusia ba sepiak timur. Kandang menua Estonia bisi tanah besai, pulau Saaremaa enggau Hiiumaa ke besai agi, sereta lebih 2,300 buah pulau enggau pulau mit bukai ba tebing tasik timur Tasik Baltik,[12] ti mungkur pemesai 45,335 kilometer persegi (17,504 batu persegi). Tallinn, indu mengeri, enggau Tartu nya dua bengkah nengeri ke pemadu besai. Jaku Estonia nyadi jaku asal sereta jaku rasmi. Jaku tu jaku indu dikena majoriti penyampau tubuh 1.4 juta iku.[14]

Nama

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Nama Estonia (Estonia: Eesti) udah disambung enggau Aesti, siti raban orang ti disebut kaban sejarah Rome Kuno Tacitus dalam urung 98 JK. Sekeda sejarawan moden pechaya iya ngenang pasal Balts, lalu sekeda agi merambu nama nya udah nya dikena ba serata pelilih menua timur Tasik Baltik.[22] Saga Skandinavia enggau batu rune Viking[23] nujuka Eistland nya sumber ti pemadu tumu dikelala ti tentu ngena nama nya dalam reti geografi moden iya.[24] Ari jaku Norse Lama toponim tu ngerembai ngagai jaku vernakular Jermanik bukai lalu datai ba jaku Latin litericha ba ujung abad ke-12.[25][26]

Sejarah

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Bala mensia udah diau ba Estonia kenyau ari pemadu mimit taun 9,000 SM. Pendiau ke pemadu tuai ke dikelala ba Estonia iya nya genturung pendiau Pulli, ke ba tebing Sungai Pärnu.

Estonia meredeka ari Rusia dalam taun 1920 pengudah Perang Meredeka menua tu enda lama ba pengujung Perang Dunya I. Maya Perang Dunya II (1939–1945), Estonia dipegai Serakup Soviet enggau Jereman. Udah nya, iya nyadi Republik Sosialis Soviet Estonia lalu lenyau maya menua tu bulih meredeka.

Estonia bulih baru meredeka maya taun 1991.[27] Iya nyadi kaban Gerempung Sempekat Atlantik Utara (NATO) kena 29 Mac 2004. Iya nyeretai Serakup Eropah kena 1 Mei 2004.

Geografi

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Estonia bekunsi garis tasik ba utara enggau Teluk Finland lalu Finland bisi ba seberai, sereta ba barat menua tu bekunsi garis tasik enggau Tasik Baltik lalu Sweden bisi ba seberai. Ba sepiak timur, bisi mega Danau Peipus. Menua tu mega bekunsi garis entara menua enggau Latvia (343 km) ba sepiak selatan, sereta enggau Rusia (338.6 km) ba piak timur.[28]

Purata peninggi semina manggai 50 meter (164 ka). Titik pemadu tinggi menua tu iya nya Suur Munamägi ba tenggara at 318 meter (1,043 ka).

Estonia ngembuan mayuh kampung, nyau deka 50% tanah dibungkur kampung.[29] Bansa kayu ti pemadu suah ditemu iya nya kayu pain, cemara enggau birch.[30] Estonia bisi lebih 1,400 tasik enggau lebih 2,000 pulau. Sungai ti pemadu panjai iya nya Võhandu (162 km or 101 bt), Pärnu (144 km or 89 bt), enggau Põltsamaa (135 km or 84 bt).

Perintah

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Riigikogu nya nama parlimen ba Estonia.

Kandang menua perintah

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Bagi menua di Estonia

Kenyau ari reformasyen pentadbiran ba taun 2017, bisi sepenyampau 79 bengkah perintah lokal. Tu nyengkaum 15 bengkah mengeri enggau 64 bengkah kandang mengeri menua pesisir. Semua kandang mengeri ngembuan status undang-undang ke sama sereta nyadi sebagi ari sebengkah kaunti, iya nya unit perintah nengeri.[31]

Kaunti-kaunti nya:

Demografi

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Raban bansa enggau peranak

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Sebuah kampung Orang Bepengarap Lama Rusia enggau sebuah gerija ba pulau Piirissaar
Raban bansa ba Estonia (2021)[32]
  1. Estonia (69.1%)
  2. Rusia (23.7%)
  3. Ukraine (2.1%)
  4. Belarusia (0.9%)
  5. Finland (0.6%)
  6. Latvia (0.3%)
  7. Jereman (0.2%)
  8. Ke bukai tauka enda ditemu (3.1%)

Estonia tu ari sukut rama homogen etnik, enggau 13 ari 15 kandang menua iya ngembuan lebih 80% etnik Estonia; kandang menua ke pemadu homogen iya nya Hiiumaa, ke alai 98.4% peranak iya etnik Estonia. Taja pia, ba Kaunti Harju, ke nyengkaum indu nengeri Tallinn, enggau Kaunti Ida-Viru, gaya demografi mayuh macham agi ketegal minoriti ke signifikan bejaku Rusia. Etnik Estonia nyadi urung 60% ari penyampau tubuh ba Kaunti Harju lalu semina urung 20% ba Ida-Viru, ke alai komuniti bejaku Rusia nyadi semak 70% ari peranak. Etnik Rusia minoriti tu mungkur urung 24% ari penyampau tubuh Estonia, ke mayuh asil ari imigresyen jeman Soviet, lalu bisi begulai enggau perari ari Ukraine ke baru datai dalam taun 2022, diatu ngarika urung 6% ari penyampau tubuh menua.[33]

Pengarap

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Pengarap ba Estonia (2021)
  1. Nadai pengarap (58.4%)
  2. Ortodoks Timur (16.3%)
  3. Lutheranisme (7.7%)
  4. Kristian ke bukai (2.7%)
  5. Islam (0.5%)
  6. Neopagan Estonia (0.5%)
  7. Buddhisme (0.2%)
  8. Pengarap ke bukai (0.9%)
  9. Enda dipadah (12.7%)
Katedral St. Mary, Tallinn

Estonia, ti kala nyadi menua Kristian Lutheran,[34][35][36] kemaya hari tu siti ari menua ke pemadu mimit bepengarap di dunya tu ari sukut ulah ke dipadahka, enggau semina 14 peratus ari penyampau tubuh madahka pengarap nyadi sebagi ari utai ke beguna dalam pengidup sida ninting hari.[37] Tu dipelabaka tebal asil ari pengawa Soviet nguasa Estonia dalam taun 1940, sebedau nya Estonia ngembuan majoriti Kristian ti mayuh - nitihka pengawa ngitung tubuh taun 1922, 99.3% ari penyampau tubuh Estonia nya orang Kristian.[38]

Jaku

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Jaku rasmi menua tu jaku Estonia. Jaku Estonia dikena 84% ari penyampau tubuh: 67% orang ngena jaku nya nyadika jaku tangkai mengandai sida lalu 17% nyadika jaku bansa bukai.

Dialek-dialek jaku Estonia Selatan, ti nyengkaum dialek Mulgi, Tartu, Võro sereta Seto, dikena urung 100,000 iku orang. Taja jaku-jaku bebida ari Jaku Estonia (Utara) "standard", sida suah dikumbai dialek tauka tukuh kandang menua ungkup jaku Estonia, ari ke jaku ke bebida.[39] Pengudah jaku Inggeris, jaku Rusian diatu nyadi jaku bansa bukai kedua pemadu mayuh dikena ba Estonia. Tebal agi orang asal ke bejaku Rusia nya orang ke datai ari menua bukai rebak keterubah enggau kedua ke diau ba indu mengeri Tallinn enggau sekeda kandang mengeri industri bukai (mayuh di Narva, ke alai majoriti peranak iya nya etnik Rusia).[40]

Ari sukut sejarah, komuniti ke bejaku Sweden diau ba Estonia ari abad ke-13 nyentuk ngagai kurun ke-20, kelebih agi ba semanjai tebing tasik enggau ba pulau-pulau. Pengudah Estonia numbuhka meredeka, komuniti tu diaku enggau rasmi, enggau jaku Sweden dikena nyadi jaku pentadbiran ba perbandaran majoriti-Sweden. Taja pia, maya Perang Dunya Kedua, tebal agi orang ke bejaku Sweden rari ngagai Sweden sebedau Soviet dipegai ba taun 1944, lalu semina ninggalka mimit aja orang ke tuai ke bejaku Sweden ba Estonia. Pengaruh Sweden agi nyata, kelebih agi ba pelilih menua baka Parish Noarootsi di Kaunti Lääne, ke alai nama endur enggau tanda dua jaku Estonia-Sweden mengkang bisi.[41][42]

Jaku bansa bukai ke suah dipelajarka nembiak Estonia iya nya jaku English, Rusia, Jereman, enggau Peranchis.[43] Jaku Inggeris nya jaku bansa bukai ke pemadu mayuh dikena ba Estonia kemaya hari tu. Nitihka data ngitung tubuh taun 2021 76% ari penyampau tubuh ulih bejaku ngena jaku bansa bukai. Dalam pengawa ngitung tubuh taun 2021 17% ari orang ke ngena jaku asal jaku Estonia standard ngeripotka sida mega ulih bejaku dialek jaku Estonia.[44][45]

Jaku Signal Estonia, diterima enggau rasmi dalam taun 2007 ari baruh Akta Jaku Estonia, nyadi jaku tanda keterubah Estonia lalu dikena dipelabaka 4,500 iku orang.

Nut

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  1. ↑ Including both the official standard Estonian language and South Estonian (spoken in southeast Estonia) which encompasses the Tartu, Mulgi, Võro[2] sereta Seto varieties. There is no academic consensus on the status of South Estonian as a dialect or language.[3][4][5][6][7]
  2. ↑ /ɛsˈtoʊniə/ Templat:Respell, Templat:Lang-et Templat:IPA-et
  3. ↑ Templat:Lang-et (lit. 'Free state of Estonia')
  4. ↑ Located in Northern Europe, Estonia has also been classified as Eastern or Central Europe in some contexts. Various sources classify Estonia differently for statistical and other purposes. For example, the United Nations,[18] and Eurovoc[19] classify Estonia as part of Northern Europe, the OECD[20] classifies it as a Central and Eastern European country, the CIA World Factbook[21] classifies it as Eastern Europe. Usage varies greatly in press sources.

Kereban sanding

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  1. ↑ "National anthem of the Republic of Estonia". Eesti.ee. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  2. ↑ "Vro | ISO 639-3".
  3. ↑ Grünthal, Riho; Anneli Sarhimaa (2004). Itämerensuomalaiset kielet ja niiden päämurteet. Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian Society.
  4. ↑ Sammallahti, Pekka (1977), "Suomalaisten esihistorian kysymyksiä" (PDF), Virittäjä: 119–136
  5. ↑ Laakso, Johanna (2014), "The Finnic Languages", in Dahl, Östen; Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria (eds.), The Circum-Baltic Languages: Typology and Contact, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  6. ↑ Pajusalu, Karl (2009). "The reforming of the Southern Finnic language area" (PDF). Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne. 258: 95–107. ISSN 0355-0230. Retrieved 2015-10-17.
  7. ↑ Salminen, Tapani (2003), Uralic Languages, retrieved 2015-10-17
  8. ↑ Figures provided by Statistics Estonia correspond to number of official residents only (i.e include over 55,600 ethnic Ukrainians who are officially resident in Estonia); the figures do not include another estimated 50,000 people who, as Ukrainian war refugees, are staying in Estonia but have not registered a place of residence there.
  9. ↑ By Estonian law, ethnicity is registered via self-declaration (which is not mandatory).
  10. ↑ "Rv0222U: Population by Sex, Ethnic Nationality and County, 1 January".
  11. ↑ "Estonia Census 2021". Statistics Estonia. 29 April 2013. Archived from the original on 24 November 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Estonia gains 95 islands, but loses 4 square kilometers with updated map". ERR. 22 February 2024. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  13. ↑ "Estonia's population grew in 2023". 2 January 2024.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Population census: Estonia's population and the number of Estonians have grown". Statistics Estonia. June 1, 2022. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Estonia)". International Monetary Fund. 10 April 2024. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  16. ↑ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income". EU-SILC survey. Eurostat. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  17. ↑ "Human Development Report 2023/2024" (PDF) (in Inggeris). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  18. ↑ "United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)-Geographic Regions". Unstats.un.org.
  19. ↑ "Estonia - EU Vocabularies - Publications Office of the EU". op.europa.eu. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  20. ↑ Directorate, OECD Statistics. "OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms - Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) Definition". stats.oecd.org.
  21. ↑ "Estonia". CIA World Factbook. 24 December 2023.
  22. ↑ Mägi, Marika (2018). In Austrvegr: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication across the Baltic Sea. Brill E. pp. 144–145. ISBN 9789004363816.
  23. ↑ Harrison, D. & Svensson, K. (2007). Vikingaliv. Fälth & Hässler, Värnamo. ISBN 91-27-35725-2
  24. ↑ Tvauri, Andres (2012). Laneman, Margot (ed.). The Migration Period, Pre-Viking Age, and Viking Age in Estonia. Tartu University Press. p. 31. ISBN 9789949199365. ISSN 1736-3810. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  25. ↑ Rätsep, Huno (2007). "Kui kaua me oleme olnud eestlased?" (PDF). Oma Keel (in Estonia). 14: 11. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  26. ↑ Tamm, Marek; Kaljundi, Linda; Jensen, Carsten Selch (2016). Crusading and Chronicle Writing on the Medieval Baltic Frontier: A Companion to the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia. Routledge. pp. 94–96. ISBN 9781317156796.
  27. ↑ "The August coup and Estonian independence (1991)". Estonica.org. Archived from the original on 2021-02-25. Retrieved 2019-06-26.
  28. ↑ "Estonian Republic". Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.. Official website of the Republic of Estonia (in Estonian)
  29. ↑ Facts Archived 2 Februari 2017 at the Wayback Machine Estonian Timber
  30. ↑ "European Commission – PRESS RELEASES – Press release – Land Use/Cover Area frame Survey 2012 Buildings, roads and other artificial areas cover 5% of the EU ...and forests 40%". Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  31. ↑ Pesti, Cerlin; Randma-Liiv, Tiina (April 2018). "Estonia". In Thijs, Nick; Hammerschmid, Gerhard (eds.). Public administration characteristics and performance in EU28. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. pp. 252–255. doi:10.2767/74735. ISBN 978-92-79-90453-0. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  32. ↑ "PC0454: at least 15-year-old persons by religion, sex, age group, ethnic nationality and county, 31 December 2021". Statistics Estonia. 31 December 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  33. ↑ Tambur, Silver (2022-12-29). "Estonia has accepted the largest share of Ukrainian refugees in the EU". Estonian World (in Inggeris British). Retrieved 2023-08-11.
  34. ↑ Ivković, Sanja Kutnjak; Haberfeld, M.R. (10 June 2015). Measuring Police Integrity Across the World: Studies from Established Democracies and Countries in Transition (in Inggeris). Springer. p. 131. ISBN 9781493922796. Estonia is considered Protestant when classified by its historically predominant major religion (Norris and Inglehart 2011) and thus some authors (e.g., Davie 2003) claim Estonia belongs to Western (Lutheran) Europe, while others (e.g., Norris and Inglehart 2011) see Estonia as a Protestant ex-Communist society.
  35. ↑ Edovald, Triin; Felton, Michelle (2010). World and Its Peoples: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland. Marshall Cavendish. p. 1066. ISBN 9780761478966. It is usually said that Estonia is a Protestant country; however, the overwhelming majority of Estonians, some 72 percent, are nonreligious. This is in part, the result of Soviet actions and repression of religion. When the Soviet Union annexed Estonia in 1940, church property was confiscated, many theologians were deported to Siberia, ... religion was actively persecuted in Estonia under Soviet rule 1944 until 1989, when some measure of tolerance was introduced.
  36. ↑ Rausing, Sigrid (2004). History, Memory, and Identity in Post-Soviet Estonia: The End of a Collective Farm (in Inggeris). Oxford University Press. p. 96. ISBN 9780199263189. Protestantism has done much to inform the moral world view of the Estonians, particularly the process of distinguishing themselves from the Russians.
  37. ↑ "Estonians least religious in the world". EU Observer. 11 February 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  38. ↑ Veem, Konrad; Veem, Maria (1993) Eesti kirik tunaeile, eile, täna ("The Estonian Church for all time, yesterday, today"). P.97.
  39. ↑ Laakso, Johanna; Sarhimaa, Anneli; Spiliopoulou Åkermark, Sia; Toivanen, Reeta (2016). Towards Openly Multilingual Policies and Practices: Assessing Minority Language Maintenance Across Europe (1 ed.). Bristol; Buffalo: Multilingual Matters. ISBN 9781783094950. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  40. ↑ Table ML133, Eesti Statistika. Retrieved 30 April 2011
  41. ↑ "Names of populated places changed with the reform of 1997". Institute of the Estonian Language. 29 September 1998. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  42. ↑ "Information about the bilingual Estonian/Swedish parish of Noarootsi". Noavv.ee. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
  43. ↑ "Estonian Foreign Languages Strategy 2009 – 2015". Ministry of Education and Research. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  44. ↑ "The results of the 2021 population and housing census have been published". Statistics Estonia (government agency at the area of administration of the Ministry of Finance). December 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
  45. ↑ "Population by the place of residence and mother tongue, statistical database: Population Census 2000". Statistics Estonia (government agency at the area of administration of the Ministry of Finance). July 2010. Retrieved 19 June 2009.
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