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Chukai karbon

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Chukai karbon deka nambahka bayar ke karbon dioksida ti dipansutka ari palan kuasa arang batu tu di Luchegorsk, Rusia.

Chukai karbon iya nya chukai ti diberi ngagai pemansut karbon ari pengasil barang enggau servis. Chukai karbon nya dikena ngasuh kos sosial ti dipelalaika ari pemansut karbon nya tampak dipeda. Chukai tu digaga kena ngurangka pemansut gis rumah gadung enggau chara ti beguna amat nikika rega minyak fosil. Tu sama-sama ngurangka peminta ngagai barang enggau servis ti ngasilka pemansut ti tinggi sereta meri insentif ngasuh sida kurang ngena karbon.[1] Lebuh minyak fosil baka arang batu, petroleum, tauka gis asli ditunu, tebal agi tauka semua karbon iya ditukar nyadi CO2. Pemansut gis rumah gadung ngasuh gaya hari berubah. Eksternaliti negatif tu ulih dikurangka enggau chara ngukum isi karbon ba sebarang maya dalam putar produk.[2][3][4][5]

Chukai karbon sereta mega dagang pemansut karbon dikena dalam konsep rega karbon. Dua alternatif ekonomi ti suah dikena ba chukai karbon iya nya permit ti ulih dijual enggau kredit karbon sereta subsidi. Dalam tukuh ti pemadu mudah, chukai karbon semina mungkur pemansut CO2. Iya mega ulih nampung gis rumah gadung bukai, baka metana tauka nitrus oksida, nengah chara ngukum pemansut nya bepelasarka potensial pengangat dunya ti sebaka enggau CO2 sida.[6] Pansik nunjukka chukai karbon endang suah ngurangka pemansut.[7] Mayuh pakar ekonomi madahka chukai karbon nya chara ti pemadu efisyen (kos ti pemadu baruh) dikena napi ubah gaya hari.[8][9] Naka taun 2019, chukai karbon sekalika udah dipejalaika tauka diperambu deka dipejalaika ba 25 bengkah menua.[10] 46 bengkah menua udah ngengkahka sekeda tukuh rega ba karbon, sekalika nengah chukai karbon tauka skim dagang pemansut karbon.[11]

Sekeda pakar beratika chukai karbon tau meri empas negatif ngagai pengelantang mensia mayuh, ti suah agi nuntung ruang bilik ti bepenatai pemisi baruh enggau tengan enggau ngasuh utai ti diguna sida mar agi (chunto iya, chukai nya engka ngasuh rega, ku jaku, petrol enggau karan niki[12]). Tauka, chukai nya tau kelalu konservatif, ngaga "lekuk ti mit enti dibanding dalam selampur pemansut".[13] Dikena ngasuh chukai karbon lurus agi, pengaga polisi tau nguji ngagihka baru asil ti diulih ari chukai karbon ngagai raban ti bepenatai pemisi mit ngena mayuh macham chara fiskal.[14][15] Inisiatif polisi ti baka nya nyadi bayar karbon enggau dividen, ukai chukai biasa.[16]

Penetap

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Carbon taxes and emission trading worldwide
Dagang pemansut enggau chukai karbon di serata dunya (naka taun 2021)[17]
  Chukai karbon ditetapka tauka diperambu nyadi
  Dadang penansut karbon ditetapka tauka diperambu nyadi
  Dagang pemansut karbon tauka chukai karbon benung dipejurai

Kededua chukai tenaga enggau karbon udah dipejalaika dikena nimbal komitmen ari baruh Konvensyen Rangka Kerja Gerempung Bansa Beserakup pasal Ubah Gaya Hari.[5] Dalam mayuh kes chukai nya dipejalaika begulai enggau penyeliah. Rega karbon ti enda terus, baka chukai minyak, jauh suah agi nyadi ari chukai karbon. Ba taun 2021, OECD ngeriputka 67 ari 71 bengkah menua ke diperatika iya bisi sekeda bansa chukai minyak. Semina 39 bengkah aja bisi chukai karbon tauka ETS. Taja pia, pengawa ngena chukai karbon majak jampat mansang. Kelimpah ari nya, sekeda menua merambu deka ngenegapka agi chukai karbon ke diatu ba taun-taun ke deka datai, nyengkaum Singapura, Kanada enggau Afrika Selatan.[18]

Polisi rega karbon ke diatu, nyengkaum chukai karbon, agi dikumbai enda chukup dikena nempa bansa ubah ba pemansut ti deka setipak enggau juluk Sempekat Paris. Tabung Wang Antarabansa, OECD, enggau ke bukai udah madahka rega minyak fosil ke diatu ba atur ke sebaka enda ulih ngayanka empas rampa menua.[18]

Eropah

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Ba Eropah, mayuh menua udah neritka chukai tenaga tauka chukai tenaga bepelasarka sebagi ari pemisi karbon.[5] Tu nyengkaum Denmark, Finland, Jerman, Ireland, Itali, Belanda, Norway, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, enggau UK. Nadai siti pan menua tu udah ulih meri kelala chukai karbon ti sebaka ungkup minyak dalam semua sektor.[19] Denmark nyadi menua keterubah ke nyengkaum pemansut jelu tupi dalam sistem chukai karbon sida.[20]

Maya taun 1990-an, chukai karbon/tenaga diperambu ba renggat Serakup Eropah tang enda mujur ketegal pengawa ngelobi industri.[21] Dalam taun 2010, Komisyen Eropah berunding deka bejalaika chukai minimum pan-Eropah ba permit pengamah ti dibeli ari baruh Skim Dagang Pemansut Gis Rumah Gadung Serakup Eropah (EU ETS) ke alai perambu chukai baru nya deka dikira ari sukut pemisi karbon.[22] Penyampau ti diperambu iya nya €4 ngagai €30 ungkup setan CO2.[23]

Benua Amerika

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Kosta Rika

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Ba taun 1997, Kosta Rika neritka chukai karbon 3.5 peratus ba minyak hidrokarbon.[24] Sebagi ari asil nya diberi ngagai program "Bayar Servis Rampa Menua" (PSA) ti meri insentif ngagai orang ti ngempu reta ngambika ngemeranka pemansang ti meruan enggau ngintu kampung.[25] Urung 11% ari kandang menua Kosta Rika dijaga pelin nya.[26] Program tu diatu mayar kira-kira $15 juta setaun ngagai urung 8,000 iku orang ke ngempu reta.[27]

Kanada

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Ba pengawa bepilih perintah besai Kanada taun 2008, chukai karbon ti diperambu ketuai Parti Liberal Stéphane Dion, ti dikelala enggau nama Ansat Gadung, nyadi isu ke beguna amat. Iya tentu neutral ba penatai pemisi, ngimbangka penambah chukai ba karbon enggau rebat. Taja pia, iya nyata enda dikerinduka lalu nyadika kebuah Parti Liberal alah, ngulihka bagi undi ke pemadu baruh kenyau ari Konfederasyen.[28][29][30][31] Parti Konservatif menang ba pengawa bepilih nya enggau besemaya deka "ngemansang sereta bejalaika sistem cap-and-trade di serata Amerika Utara ungkup gis rumah gadung enggau pengamah angin, enggau pengawa bejalaika nya nyadi entara taun 2012 enggau 2015".[32]

Dalam taun 2018, Kanada ngaga levi karbon neutral ba penatai pemisi berengkah ari taun 2019,[33][34] ngamatka semaya kimpin Menteri Besai Justin Trudeau.[35] Akta Penetap Rega Pengamah Gis Rumah Gadung semina dikena ba provinsi ti nadai rega karbon ti chukup provinsi.[35] Naka bulan September 2020, tujuh ari tiga belas provinsi enggau kandang menua Kanada ngena chukai karbon perintah besai seraya tiga udah ngaga program chukai karbon kediri empu.[36] Dalam bulan Disember 2020, perintah besai mansutka pelin ke baru enggau CA$15 setan setaun nikika rega karbon, manggai CA$95 setan ba taun 2025 enggau CA$170 setan ba taun 2030.[37] Quebec nyadi provinsi keterubah ngepunka chukai karbon.[38][39] Chukai nya deka diberi ngagai pengeluar kuasa berengkah 1 Oktober 2007, enggau asil ti digumpul dikena ungkup program ngena kuasa enggau manah. Penyampau chukai ungkup minyak petrol iya nya $CDN0.008 seliter, tauka urung CA$3.50 seliter CO2 ti sebaka.[40]

Amerika Serikat

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Anggar empas chukai karbon ba pun penatai pemansut elektrik Amerika Serikat (naka taun 2012)

Chukai karbon nasional di AS udah suah diperambu, tang nadai kala dipejalaika. Ambika chunto, kena 23 Julai 2018, Pengari Carlos Curbelo (R-FL) meri kelala H.R. 6463,[41] "Akta Pilih Makit", perambu ungkup chukai karbon ke alai asil dikena nyungkak infrastruktur enggau chara mutarka rampa menua Amerika.[42] Rang undang-undang tu dibantaika ba Dewan Pengari Rayat, tang enda nyadi undang-undang.[43]

Sepenyampau gerempung diatu benung ngemansangka perambu chukai karbon nasional. Dikena mutarka pengirau ati ari raban konservatif ti madahka chukai karbon deka ngerembaika perintah sereta nambahka ungkus pengidup, perambu ke baru udah bepalan ba neutral penatai pemisi.[44][45] Lobi Iklim Rayat (CCL), republicEn (sebedau tu E&EI), Kaunsil Ketuai Iklim (CLC), enggau Amerika ungkup Dividen Karbon (AFCD) nyukung chukai karbon ti neutral ba penatai pemisi enggau ubah garis entara menua. Dua gerempung ke penudi tu ngasuh langkar ke spesifik ke dikumbai Pelin Dividen Karbon Baker-Shultz, ke udah bulih daya tarit dua piak nasional kenyau ari iya dipadahka dalam taun 2017. [46][47] Prinsip tengah iya nya chukai karbon ke berinsur niki ke alai semua asil diberi baru ngagai rayat Amerika.[48] Pelin tu dikarang begulai sereta diberi nama nitihka nama tuai-tuai Republikan James Baker enggau George Shultz.[49] Iya mega disukung kompeni-kompeni nyengkaum Microsoft, Pepsico, Solar Keterubah, Gerempung Tenaga Angin Amerika, Exxon Mobil, BP, enggau General Motors.[50][51]

Kereban sanding

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  1. ↑ Akkaya, Sahin; Bakkal, Ufuk (2020-06-01). "Carbon Leakage Along with the Green Paradox Against Carbon Abatement? A Review Based on Carbon Tax". Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia. 20 (1): 25–44. doi:10.2478/foli-2020-0002. ISSN 1898-0198. S2CID 221372046. Archived from the original on 29 August 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  2. ↑ Bashmakov, I.; et al. (2001). "6.2.2.2.1 Collection Point and Tax Base". In B. Metz; et al. (eds.). Policies, Measures, and Instruments. Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.. This version: GRID-Arendal website. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
  3. ↑ "Effects of a Carbon Tax on the Economy and the Environment". Congressional Budget Office. 22 May 2013. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  4. ↑ Kalkuhl, Matthias (September 2013). "Renewable energy subsidies: Second-best policy or fatal aberration for mitigation?" (PDF). Resource and Energy Economics. 35 (3): 217–234. doi:10.1016/j.reseneeco.2013.01.002. hdl:10419/53216. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Bashmakov, I.; et al. (2001). "Policies, Measures, and Instruments". In B. Metz; et al. (eds.). Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, N.Y., U.S.A. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
  6. ↑ "Costs and Benefits to Agriculture from Climate Change Policy". www.card.iastate.edu. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  7. ↑ "Carbon Taxes: What Can We Learn From International Experience?". Econofact (in Inggeris AS). 3 May 2019. Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  8. ↑ Gupta, S.; et al. (2007). "13.2.1.2 Taxes and charges". Policies, instruments, and co-operative arrangements. Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (B. Metz et al. Eds.). Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.. This version: IPCC website. Archived from the original on 29 October 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
  9. ↑ "Economists' Statement on Carbon Dividends". clcouncil.org. 2019. Archived from the original on 18 January 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  10. ↑ World Bank Group (6 June 2019). State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2019 (Report) (in Inggeris). hdl:10986/31755. p. 24, Fig. 6
  11. ↑ World Bank Group (6 June 2019). State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2019 (Report) (in Inggeris). hdl:10986/31755. p. 21
  12. ↑ Stanley Reed (22 September 2021). "Here's What's Behind Europe's Surging Energy Prices". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021. High carbon taxes are also stoking power prices
  13. ↑ "What Is A Carbon Tax?". www.weforum.org/. Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  14. ↑ IPCC (2001). 7.34. In (section): Question 7. In (book): Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report. A Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Watson, R.T. and the Core Writing Team (eds.)). Print version: Cambridge University Press, UK. This version: GRID-Arendal website. p. 122. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  15. ↑ "What a carbon tax can do and why it cannot do it all". blogs.worldbank.org (in Inggeris). 2022-01-19. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 2023-07-17.
  16. ↑ "Powering America Forward to Clean Energy". Energy Innovation and Carbon Dividend Act (in Inggeris AS). Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
  17. ↑ State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2021 (in Inggeris), World Bank, 2021-05-25, doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1728-1, ISBN 978-1-4648-1728-1, archived from the original on 16 July 2021, retrieved 2021-07-07
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 World Bank (May 2023). State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2023 (in Inggeris AS). Pages 17-18. ISBN 978-1-4648-2006-9. Penyalat nyebut: Tag <ref> tidak sah, nama "worldbank" digunakan secara berulang dengan kandungan yang berbeza
  19. ↑ Andersen, Prof. Mikael Skou (2010). "Europe's experience with carbon-energy taxation". Sapiens. 3 (2). Archived from the original on 26 August 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2011. See. Burgers, Irene J., and Stefan E. Weishaar. Designing Carbon taxes is not an easy task: legal perspectives. No. 559. WIFO Working Papers, 2018.
  20. ↑ Tais Gadea Lara (9 July 2024). "What the world can learn from Denmark's carbon tax on agriculture". Devex. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  21. ↑ Pearce, D. (2005). "The United Kingdom Climate Change Levy: A study in political economy" (PDF). OECD Environment Directorate, Centre for Tax Policy and Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2009.
  22. ↑ Kanter, James (22 June 2010). "Europe Considers New Taxes to Promote 'Clean' Energy". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  23. ↑ Kanter, James (22 June 2010). "Europe Considers New Taxes to Promote 'Clean' Energy". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  24. ↑ Meyer, Peter (2010). "United States. Costa Rica: Background and U.S. Relations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2011.
  25. ↑ Costa Rica: Experts warn about the dangers of missing environmental targets (PDF), 8 October 2009
  26. ↑ "Costa Rica: Background and U.S. Relations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
  27. ↑ "Costa Rica aims to win "carbon neutral" race". Reuters. 24 May 2007. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  28. ↑ Bryden, Joan (20 October 2008). "Liberals cast themselves in leader's light". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012.
  29. ↑ Bilton, Chris (7 January 2009). "Green shifting right?". Eye Weekly. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011.
  30. ↑ Reid, Scott (26 December 2009). "The good, the (mostly) bad, and the faint signs of hope". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 8 March 2009.
  31. ↑ Findlay, Martha Hall. After the Green Shift Archived 27 Februari 2009 at the Wayback Machine. The Globe and Mail. 19 January 2009.
  32. ↑ "Case of the Conservatives' carbon amnesia". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  33. ↑ Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act Archived 5 Januari 2019 at the Wayback Machine, in force since 21 June 2018 (page visited on 26 October 2018).
  34. ↑ Nuccitelli, Dana (26 October 2018). "Canada passed a carbon tax that will give most Canadians more money". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Nuccitelli, Dana (26 October 2018). "Canada passed a carbon tax that will give most Canadians more money". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  36. ↑ "Carbon Pricing in Canada (Updated 2020)". energyhub.org (in Inggeris AS). 2020-09-24. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  37. ↑ "A Healthy Environment and a Healthy Economy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  38. ↑ "Quebec to collect nation's 1st carbon tax". cbc.ca. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  39. ↑ "Quebec Government to Implement Carbon Tax" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2014.
  40. ↑ "Where Carbon Is Taxed". www.carbontax.org. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  41. ↑ H.R. 6463 https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/6463 Archived 20 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  42. ↑ Curbelo, Carlos (2018-08-16). "H.R.6463 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): Market Choice Act". www.congress.gov. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
  43. ↑ Curbelo, Carlos (2018-08-16). "Actions - H.R.6463 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): Market Choice Act". www.congress.gov. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  44. ↑ "Revenue-neutral carbon tax: The climate policy that could appeal to conservatives » Yale Climate Connections". Yale Climate Connections (in Inggeris AS). 2019-07-12. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  45. ↑ Cecco, Leyland (2018-12-04). "How to make a carbon tax popular? Give the proceeds to the people". The Guardian (in Inggeris). Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  46. ↑ Halstead, Ted (April 2017), A climate solution where all sides can win (in Inggeris), archived from the original on 17 October 2021, retrieved 2021-10-17
  47. ↑ "GOP senior statesmen making push for a carbon tax". Associated Press (in Inggeris AS). 2017-02-08. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  48. ↑ "The Four Pillars of the Carbon Dividends Plan". Climate Leadership Council (in Inggeris AS). 4 March 2021. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  49. ↑ "The Conservative Case for Carbon Dividends". Climate Leadership Council (in Inggeris AS). 5 February 2017. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  50. ↑ Roberts, David (22 June 2018). "Energy lobbyists have a new PAC to push for a carbon tax. Wait, what?". Vox. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
  51. ↑ "Founding Members". Climate Leadership Council (in Inggeris AS). Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 2021-10-10.
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