Bismut

Bismut, ₈₃Bi
Bismut
Gaya	lustrous brownish silver
Pemerat atom standard Ar°(Bi)
	208.98040±0.00001; 208.98±0.01 (abridged);
Bismut dalam jadual bemansa
Lumur atom (Z)	83
Raban	raban 15 (raban pniktogen)
Mansa	mansa 6
Blok	p-block
Konfigurasyen elektron	[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3
Elektron tiap pabung	2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5
Penteba fizikal
Fasa ba PTS	solid
Taka lebur	544.7 K (271.5 °C, 520.7 °F)
Taka gesak	1837 K (1564 °C, 2847 °F)
Penias (at 20° C)	9.807 g/cm3
lebuh chechair (ba t.l.)	10.05 g/cm3
Pengangat gempung	11.30 kJ/mol
Pengangat pengewap	179 kJ/mol
Buat pengangat molar	25.52 J/(mol·K)
Buat pengangat tentu	122.117 J/(kg·K)
Penteba atom
Gaya oksidisasyen	suah: +3; −3, −2, −1, +1, +2, +4, +5
Elektronegativiti	Pauling scale: 2.02
Energi ionisasyen	1st: 703 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1610 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 2466 kJ/mol ; (more) ;
Jejari atom	empirical: 156 pm
Jejari kovalen	148±4 pm
Jejari Van der Waals	207 pm
	Taris spektrum bismut
Penteba bukai
Penyadi asal	primordial
Struktur kristal	rhombohedral (hR2)
Lattice constants	a = 0.47458 nm; α = 57.236°; ah = 0.45462 nm; ch = 1.18617 nm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	13.09×10−6/K (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity	7.97 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	1.29 µΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	−280.1×10−6 cm3/mol
Young's modulus	32 GPa
Shear modulus	12 GPa
Bulk modulus	31 GPa
Pengelaju munyi thin rod	1790 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio	0.33
Mohs hardness	2.25
Brinell hardness	70–95 MPa
Lumur CAS	7440-69-9
History
Pemeri nama	possibly from German Wismuth, itself perhaps from weiße Masse, "white mass"
Penemu	Arabic alchemists[sitasyen patut disediaka] (before AD 1000)
Isotop bismut v; e;
	Nadai Templat:kutak info isotop bismut
	Kategori: Bismut; view; talk; edit; \| references

Bismut (ari jaku English : Bismuth) iya nya sebengkah elemen ti ngembuan lumur atom 83 lalu diberi lambang Bi . Leka jaku saintifik lama ke bismut iya nya bisman . Dalam jaku Melayu, bismut mega dikelala enggau nama wurung timah . Logam tu berat, rapuh sereta bechura pink. Bismut diklasifikasyenka nyadi logam ti lemi lalu ngembuan sifat kimia ti sebaka enggau arsenik sereta antimoni . Entara semua logam, diamagnetisme bismut nya ke pemadu asli , lalu konduktiviti terma bismut nya kedua pemadu baruh sepengudah merkuri . Logam tu dianggap umum nyadi logam kepenudi dalam jadual berkala ti stabil sereta enda radioaktif, taja pan ke bendar iya bismut bisi radioaktif mimit tang ngembuan timpuh setengah idup ti panjai bendar.

Sebatian bismut dikena dalam bidang kosmetik(barang kanta) enggau ubat. Aloi bismut majak beguna ba pengawa dagang enggau komersial nyadika ganti plumbum, kelebih agi pengudah plumbum ditemu bisi empas toksik sereta tau mai penusah ngagai mensia.

Sejarah

Bismut engka beasal ari jaku Latin bisemutun, ari jaku Jerman Wismuth . Keterubah iya, bismut suah disakal enggau timah enggau plumbum ketegal gamal seduai iya sebaka. Claude Francois Geoffroy dalam taun 1753 mujur nunjukka logam tu bebida ari plumbum.

Pemisi

Ba kerak Bumi, penyampau bismut kira-kira 2 kali lipat mayuh agi ari emas. Mineral ti suah dikena ba bismut nyengkaum bismutit enggau bismut . Bismut selalu iya dipansutka nyadi produk sampingan ari pengawa memproses biji logam baka plumbum, tungsten enggau logam bechampur bukai.

Guna

Dalam pengawa berubat, bismut subsalisilat nya antasid ti suah dikena ngeraika pemedis ba perut baka cirit-birit . Campur bismut enggau mangan ulih ngasilka magnet kekal. Bismut telurida nyadi komponen semikonduktor sereta termoelektrik ti badas.

Nota

↑ The thermal expansion is anisotropic: the coefficients for each crystal axis (at 20 °C) are α_ah = 11.26×10⁻⁶/K, α_ch = 16.74×10⁻⁶/K, and α_average = α_volume/3 = 13.09×10⁻⁶/K.

Kereban sanding

Diambi

↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Bismuth". CIAAW. Templat:Infobox element/symbol-to-saw/year-changed. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (in Inggeris). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Bi(−2) and Bi(−1) occur in Zintl phases, e.g. (Ca²⁺)₂₂[Bi₄]⁴⁻([Bi₂]⁴⁻)₄[Bi³⁻]₈; see Ponou, Siméon (2006). "Germanides, Germanide-Tungstate Double Salts and Substitution Effects in Zintl Phases". Technische Universität München. Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie mit Schwerpunkt Neue Materialien. p. 68.
↑ Bi(I) has been observed in organobismuth compounds; see Šimon, Petr; de Proft, Frank; Jambor, Roman; Růžička, Aleš; Dostál, Libor (2010). "Monomeric Organoantimony(I) and Organobismuth(I) Compounds Stabilized by an NCN Chelating Ligand: Syntheses and Structures". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 49 (32): 5468–5471. doi:10.1002/anie.201002209. PMID 20602393.
↑ Bi(+2) has been observed in dibismuthines (R₂Bi—BiR₂), see Ashe, Arthur J. III (1990). "Thermochromic Distibines and Dibismuthines". Advances in Organometallic Chemistry. 30: 77–97. doi:10.1016/S0065-3055(08)60499-2. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/Templat:Format ISBN|[[:Templat:Format ISBN]]]]. {{cite journal}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
↑ Bi(IV) has been observed; see A. I. Aleksandrov, I. E. Makarov (1987). "Formation of Bi(II) and Bi(IV) in aqueous hydrochloric solutions of Bi(III)". Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Division of Chemical Science. 36 (2): 217–220. doi:10.1007/BF00959349. S2CID 94865394.
↑ Templat:Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd
↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

[9] The thermal expansion is anisotropic: the coefficients for each crystal axis (at 20 °C) are α_ah = 11.26×10⁻⁶/K, α_ch = 16.74×10⁻⁶/K, and α_average = α_volume/3 = 13.09×10⁻⁶/K.

[CIAAWbismuth-1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Bismuth". CIAAW. Templat:Infobox element/symbol-to-saw/year-changed. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (in Inggeris). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[Arblaster_2018-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.

[BiPonou-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Bi(−2) and Bi(−1) occur in Zintl phases, e.g. (Ca²⁺)₂₂[Bi₄]⁴⁻([Bi₂]⁴⁻)₄[Bi³⁻]₈; see Ponou, Siméon (2006). "Germanides, Germanide-Tungstate Double Salts and Substitution Effects in Zintl Phases". Technische Universität München. Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie mit Schwerpunkt Neue Materialien. p. 68.

[5] Bi(I) has been observed in organobismuth compounds; see Šimon, Petr; de Proft, Frank; Jambor, Roman; Růžička, Aleš; Dostál, Libor (2010). "Monomeric Organoantimony(I) and Organobismuth(I) Compounds Stabilized by an NCN Chelating Ligand: Syntheses and Structures". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 49 (32): 5468–5471. doi:10.1002/anie.201002209. PMID 20602393.

[6] Bi(+2) has been observed in dibismuthines (R₂Bi—BiR₂), see Ashe, Arthur J. III (1990). "Thermochromic Distibines and Dibismuthines". Advances in Organometallic Chemistry. 30: 77–97. doi:10.1016/S0065-3055(08)60499-2. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/Templat:Format ISBN|[[:Templat:Format ISBN]]]]. {{cite journal}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)

[7] Bi(IV) has been observed; see A. I. Aleksandrov, I. E. Makarov (1987). "Formation of Bi(II) and Bi(IV) in aqueous hydrochloric solutions of Bi(III)". Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Division of Chemical Science. 36 (2): 217–220. doi:10.1007/BF00959349. S2CID 94865394.

[GE28-8] Templat:Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd

[10] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

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