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Bansa Rohingya

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Bansa Rohingya
𐴌𐴗𐴥𐴝𐴙𐴚𐴒𐴙𐴝
Menira Rohingya
Nembiak Rohingya ti pindah ba Bangladesh
Penyampau tubuh
1,547,778[1]–2,000,000+[2]
Kandang endur ti mayuh mensia
Bangladesh1,500,000+ (March 2025)[3]
 Pakistan500,000 (September 2017)[4]
 Myanmar (Negeri Rakhine)300,000 (Me 2025)[5][6]
 Arab Saudi190,000 (Januari 2017)[7]
 Malaysia124,123 (Oktober 2025)[8][9]
 India40,000 (May 2025, dipejurai)[10]
Jaku
Rohingya
Pengarap
Pengambis mayuh Islam;[11] minoriti Hindu[12] enggau Kristian[13]
Raban bansa ke bekaul
Bengali, orang-orang Indo-Aryan ke bukai

Bansa Rohingya (Rohingya: 𐴌𐴗𐴥𐴝𐴙𐴚𐴒𐴙𐴝, rumi: ruáingga) iya nya raban etnolinguistik Indo-Aryan ti nadai menua[14][15] ti tebal agi nitihka pengarap Islam[16] ari Negeri Rakhine, Myanmar. Sebedau pemunuh bebala mayuh bansa Rohingya ba taun 2017, lebuh lebih 740,000 iku rari ke Bangladesh, dipelabaka 1.4 juta iku Rohingya diau di Myanmar.[17][18][19][20][21] Siti ari raban minoriti ke pemadu diperinsa di dunya,[22][23][24] raban Rohingya enda diberi peranak menua ari baruh undang-undang peranak Myanmar taun 1982.[25][26][27] Pia mega bisi tagang ba pengelepas sida mindah kin kitu, akses ngagai pelajar nengeri enggau pengawa servis sivil.[27][28] Gaya undang-undang ti ditapi raban Rohingya di Myanmar udah dibandingka enggau aparteid ulih sekeda raban akademik, penganalisis enggau orang politik.[29][30][31][32] Pengawa mindah bebala mayuh Rohingya ke pemadu baru dalam taun 2017 ngujungka Kort Jenayah Antarabansa mansik penyalah ngelaban mensia, lalu Kort Pengelurus Antarabansa mendingka kes ti nuduh pemunuh bebala mayuh bansa.[33]

Raban bansa Rohingya madahka diri peranak asal Myanmar barat enggau pesaka lebih seribu taun sereta pengaruh ari bansa Arab, Mughal, enggau Portugis. Komuniti tu ngumbai diri beturun ari populasyen ba kededua Arakan prakolonial enggau Arakan kolonial; ari sukut sejarah, pelilih menua tu nyadi perintah meredeka ti bepalan entara Asia Tenggara enggau sub-benua India.[34][21] Perintah Myanmar ngumbai bansa Rohingya nya orang ke datai ari Chittagong di Bangladesh ke dipegai British enggau pengudah kolonial. Iya madahka populasyen Islam prakolonial ke nyelai diaku nyadi Kaman, lalu Rohingya nyampurka sejarah sida enggau sejarah Islam Arakan sechara umum dikena ngemansangka agenda penyerara menua.[35][36] Kelimpah ari nya, perintah Myanmar enda ngaku leka jaku "Rohingya" lalu rindu agi ngumbai komuniti nya "Bengali".[37][38] Raban kimpin Rohingya enggau gerempung hak asasi mensia minta hak "nentuka kuing diri dalam Myanmar".[39]

Bemacham pengelaban besenyata ari raban Rohingya udah nyadi kenyau ari taun 1940-an lalu peranak menua nya sechara selampur udah napi penagang soldadu dalam taun 1978, 1991–1992,[40] 2012, 2015, lalu kelebih agi dalam taun 2016–2018, lebuh tebal orang Rohingya diburu ari menua nya, ngagai menua sepiak Bangladesh. Datai ba bulan Disember 2017, dipelabaka 625,000 iku orang tasah ari Rakhine, Myanmar, udah meraka garis entara menua ngagai Bangladesh kenyau ari bulan Ogos 2017.[41] Pemesai PBB enggau Human Rights Watch udah nerangka pengawa Myanmar ti merinsaka raban bansa Rohingya nya pemeresi etnik.[42][43] Duta hak asasi mensia GBB ke Myanmar ngeriputka "sejarah lama pengawa bechiping bansa enggau pemerinsa ngagai komuniti Rohingya... tau nyadika penyalah ngelaban mensia",[44] lalu bisi jaku tangkan pasal pengawa munuh bansa ti benung nyadi.[45][46] Pansik ari GBB udah tetemuka bukti ti majak nambah ngasut pemenchi enggau enda bebatak asur ba pengarap ari "orang Buddha ultra-nasionalis" ngelaban raban Rohingya seraya raban pengelikun Myanmar udah bejalaika "pemerinsa ukum singkat, pemerinsa pengelenyau, penangkap enggau pengetan seneka ati, pengawa bechiping bansa sereta buruh pejal" ngelaban komuniti.[47][48][49]

Sebedau krisis orang tasah Rohingya 2015 enggau penagang soldadu ba taun 2016 enggau 2017, penyampau tubuh Rohingya di Myanmar semak 1.4 juta,[17][18][50] kelebih agi ba tumpuk pendiau Rakhine utara, iya nya 80–98%.[51] Kenyau ari taun 2015, lebih 900,000 iku orang tasah Rohingya udah rari ngagai tenggara Bangladesh aja,[52] lalu mayuh agi ngagai menua bukai ke ngelingi, enggau menua Islam ke besai.[53][54] Lebih 100,000 iku raban Rohingya di Myanmar dikurung ba kem ungkup orang ke pindah ari menua sida.[55][56]

Kereban sanding

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  1. ↑ Penyalat nyebut: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama "Mahmood2016"
  2. ↑ Mathieson, David (2009). Perilous Plight: Burma's Rohingya take to the seas. Human Rights Watch. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-56432-485-6.
  3. ↑ "UN and partners seek $934.5m for life-saving aid to 1.5 million Rohingya refugees and their hosts in Bangladesh". UNHCR US (in Inggeris AS). Retrieved 6 May 2025.
  4. ↑ "Far From Myanmar Violence, Rohingya in Pakistan Are Seething". The New York Times. 12 September 2017. Archived from the original on 23 January 2023.
  5. ↑ "Arakan Army's persecution is increasing, 30-40 Rohingya are coming from Myanmar every day". The Daily Star Bangla. 6 May 2025.
  6. ↑ "Fighting in Rakhine state townships displaces 40,000 Rohingyas". Radio Free Asia (in Inggeris). 9 May 2024. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
  7. ↑ "190,000 Myanmar nationals' get residency relief in Saudi Arabia". Al Arabiya English. 25 January 2017. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022.
  8. ↑ "Myanmar Rohingya: What you need to know about the crisis". BBC News. 19 October 2017. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017.
  9. ↑ "Figures at a glance in Malaysia". United Nations High Commission for Refugees. Archived from the original on 12 January 2026. Retrieved 21 January 2026.
  10. ↑ "Report flags India's violation of rights of Rohingya detainees". The Hindu. 19 October 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2025.
  11. ↑ Penyalat nyebut: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama "blakemore"
  12. ↑ "Rohingya Hindus now face uncertainty in Myanmar". Al Jazeera. 21 September 2017. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  13. ↑ UN agency, Rohingya refugees allege Indian authorities cast dozens of them into the sea near Myanmar Archived 22 Me 2025 at the Wayback Machine. AP News. 16 May 2025. Sheikh Saaliq AND Piyush Nagpal
  14. ↑ Bartrop, Paul R. (18 October 2018). Modern Genocide: Analyzing the Controversies and Issues (in Inggeris). Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 361. ISBN 979-8-216-11853-4.
  15. ↑ Ahmed, Kawser; Islam, Md Rafiqul (22 April 2024). Understanding the Rohingya Displacement: Security, Media, and Humanitarian Perspectives (in Inggeris). Springer Nature. p. 229. ISBN 978-981-97-1424-7.
  16. ↑ Blakemore, Erin (8 February 2019). "Who are the Rohingya people?". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 11 February 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 UNHCR news briefing, 20 October 2020, https://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2020/10/5f8d7c004/unhcr-calls-solidarity-support-solutions-rohingya-refugees-ahead-urgent.html. Retrieved 20 December 2020 Archived 27 Julai 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Mahmood; Wroe; Fuller; Leaning (2016). "The Rohingya people of Myanmar: health, human rights, and identity" (fee required). Lancet. 389 (10081): 1–10. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00646-2. PMID 27916235. S2CID 205981024. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  19. ↑ "Myanmar Buddhists seek tougher action against Rohingya". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 30 August 2017.
  20. ↑ Simpson, Andrew (2007). Language and National Identity in Asia. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-19-922648-1.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Minar, Sarwar J.; Halim, Abdul (2020). "The Rohingyas of Rakhine State: Social Evolution and History in the Light of Ethnic Nationalism". Social Evolution & History (in Inggeris). 19 (2). arXiv:2106.02945. doi:10.30884/seh/2020.02.06. ISSN 1681-4363. S2CID 229667451.
  22. ↑ Broomfield, Matt (9 December 2016). "Nobel Peace Prize winner accused of overlooking 'ethnic cleansing' in her own country". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  23. ↑ Hofman, Lennart (25 February 2016). "Meet the most persecuted people in the world". The Correspondent. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  24. ↑ Canal, Garielle (10 February 2017). "Rohingya Muslims Are the Most Persecuted Minority in the World: Who Are They?". Global Citizen. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  25. ↑ Nitta, Yuichi (25 August 2017). "Myanmar urged to grant Rohingya citizenship". Nikkei Asian Review. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  26. ↑ "Annan report calls for review of 1982 Citizenship Law". The Stateless. 24 August 2017. Archived from the original on 23 August 2019.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "Discrimination in Arakan". Burma/Bangladesh – Burmese Refugees in Bangladesh: Still No Durable Solution (Report). Vol. 12. Human Rights Watch. May 2000. Archived from the original on 20 March 2024.
  28. ↑ "Kofi Annan–led commission calls on Myanmar to end Rohingya restrictions". SBS. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023.
  29. ↑ Ibrahim, Azeem (fellow at Mansfield College, Oxford, and 2009 Yale World Fellow),"War of Words: What's in the Name 'Rohingya'?", 16 June 2016, Yale Online, Yale University, 21 September 2017 Archived 10 Mach 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ↑ "Aung San Suu Kyi's Ultimate Test" Archived 22 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Sullivan, Dan, 19 January 2017, Harvard International Review, Harvard University. Retrieved 21 September 2017
  31. ↑ Stoakes, Emanuel (14 October 2014). "Myanmar's Rohingya Apartheid". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  32. ↑ Kristof, Nicholas (28 May 2014). "Myanmar's Appalling Apartheid". The New York Times (Opinion). Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  33. ↑ ICC "Bangladesh/Myanmar Investigation", https://www.icc-cpi.int/bangladesh-myanmar Archived 22 Disember 2020 at the Wayback Machine; ICJ Order 23 January 2020 https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/178/178-20200123-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf, both accessed 20 December 2020 Archived 13 Mach 2024 at the Wayback Machine
  34. ↑ Ghosh, Partha S. (23 May 2016). Migrants, Refugees and the Stateless in South Asia. SAGE Publications. p. 161. ISBN 978-93-5150-855-7.
  35. ↑ Leider 2013.
  36. ↑ Leider 2018. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFLeider2018 (help)
  37. ↑ "Why Myanmar's Rohingya are forced to say they are Bengali". The Christian Science Monitor. 2 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  38. ↑ Twitter rage from Myanmar 11 June 2012 www.pri.org. Retrieved 10 June 2020 Archived 26 Nobember 2023 at the Wayback Machine
  39. ↑ "Who we are?". Arakan Rohingya National Org. Archived from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
  40. ↑ "Myanmar/Bangladesh: Rohingyas – the Search for Safety". Amnesty International. September 1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2024.
  41. ↑ "Rohingya widows find safe haven in Bangladesh camp". Reuters. 7 December 2017. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  42. ↑ "Myanmar wants ethnic cleansing of Rohingya – UN official". BBC News. 24 November 2016. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  43. ↑ "Crimes Against Humanity and Ethnic Cleansing of Rohingya Muslims in Burma's Arakan State". Human Rights Watch. 22 April 2013. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  44. ↑ "UN expert alarmed at worsening human rights situation in Myanmar's Rakhine state" Archived 18 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, 7 April 2014, United Nations News Centre. Retrieved 18 September 2017
  45. ↑ Ibrahim, Azeem (11 October 2016). "The Rohingya Are At The Brink Of Mass Genocide". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  46. ↑ "Burmese government accused of trying to 'expel' all Rohingya Muslims". The Independent. 14 March 2017. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  47. ↑ "Conclusions on the substance of the case". Forced labour in Myanmar (Burma): Report of the Commission of Inquiry... (PDF). Official Bulletin. Vol. LXXXI. International Labour Office. 19 July 1998. item 528, p. 140. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
  48. ↑ "UN: Rohingya may be victims of crimes against humanity". Al Jazeera. 20 June 2016. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  49. ↑ Fisher, Jonah (10 March 2017). "Myanmar Muslim minority subject to horrific torture, UN says". BBC News. Archived from the original on 10 March 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  50. ↑ "Will anyone help the Rohingya people?". BBC News. 10 June 2015. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
  51. ↑ Leider, Jacques P. "'Rohingya': Rakhaing and Recent Outbreak of Violence: A Note" (PDF). Network Myanmar. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  52. ↑ "Myanmar violence may have killed more than 1,000: UN rapporteur". The Daily Star. 8 September 2017.
  53. ↑ "India plans to deport thousands of Rohingya refugees". Al Jazeera. 14 August 2017. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  54. ↑ "Over 168,000 Rohingya likely fled Myanmar since 2012 – UNHCR report". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Archived from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  55. ↑ "Trapped inside Burma's refugee camps, the Rohingya people call for recognition". The Guardian. 20 December 2012. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  56. ↑ "US Holocaust Museum highlights plight of Myanmar's downtrodden Rohingya Muslims". Fox News. Associated Press. 6 November 2013. Archived from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 10 November 2024.

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