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Alan Turing

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Alan Turing

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Turing maya taun 1951
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Alan Mathison Turing

(1912-06-23)23 Jun 1912
Maida Vale, London, England
Haribulan
pemarai		7 Jun 1954(1954-06-07) (umur 41)
Wilmslow, Cheshire, England
Kebuah pemaraiBunuh diri nengah chara pengerachun sianid[note 1]
Alma mater
Dikelala ketegal
AnugerahSmith's Prize (1936)
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions
ThesisSystems of Logic Based on Ordinals (1938)
Doctoral advisorAlonzo Church[2]
Doctoral students
Signature

Alan Mathison Turing (/ˈtjʊərɪŋ/; 23 Jun 1912 – 7 Jun 1954) nya pakar matematik, sains komputer, logik, kriptanalisis, filosofi enggau biologi teori Inggeris.[6] Iya bepengaruh besai dalam pemansang sains komputer teori, meri formalisasyen konsep algoritma enggau komputasyen enggau mesin Turing, ke ulih dianggap model tuju rama komputer.[7][8][9] Turing suah dianngap apai sains komputer teori.[10]

Ada di London, Turing besai di selatan England. Iya nembuka pelajar ari King's College, Cambridge, lalu ba taun 1938, bulih degree lutur ari Universiti Princeton. Lebuh Perang Dunya II, Turing begawa ungkup Sekula Sifer enggau Kod Perintah di Bletchley Park, palan mechahka kod Britain ti ngasilka pemintar Ultra. Iya ngetuaika Hut 8, bagi ti betanggungpengawa ungkup kriptanalisis Jereman. Turing merambu teknik dikena ngenyampatka pengawa mechahka sifer Jerman, nyengkaum pengawa ngemanahka agi chara bomba Poland sebedau perang, mesin elektromekanikal ti ulih ngiga atur mesin Enigma. Iya bejalaika tanggungpengawa ti beguna amat dalam ngeredakka pesan ti disekat ti ngasuh Piak Beserakup deka ngalahka kuasa Aksis dalam Pengelaban Atlantik sereta kaul ke bukai.[11][12]

Pengudah perang, Turing begawa di Makmal Fizikal Nasional, ke alai iya nempa Injin Komputer Automatik, siti ari reka tukuh keterubah ungkup komputer program ti disimpan. Ba taun 1948, Turing nyeretai Makmal Mesin Komputer Max Newman ba Universiti Manchester, ke alai iya meri bantu ngagai pemansang komputer Manchester ti tumu[13] lalu beminat enggau biologi matematik. Turing nuliska pelasar kimia morfogenesis[14][1] lalu meri pelaba reaksyen kimia ti berayun baka reaksyen Belousov–Zhabotinsky, keterubah iya diperati ba taun 1960-an. Taja pan bisi pemujur tu, iya enda kala dikelala enggau penuh sekumbang iya agi idup laban mayuh pengawa iya dibungkur Akta Resia Rasmi.[15]

Ba 1952, Turing didawa ketegal pengawa homoseksual. Iya nerima chara berubat ngena hormon, siti chara ke suah disebut kastrasyen kimia, nyadi alternatif laban iya enda tama jil. Turing midang kena 7 Jun 1954, beumur 41, ari pengerachun sianid. Inkues netapka pemati iya nya munuh diri, tang bukti nya mega setipak enggau pengerachun enda sengaja.[5] Berindik ari kimpin taun 2009, menteri besai British Gordon Brown ngaga peminta ampun rasmi ngagai mensia mayuh ketegal "chara ngeri [Turing] dilayan". Kuin Elizabeth II meri ampun diraja kena taun 2013. Leka jaku "ukum Alan Turing" dikena enggau chara enda formal dikena madahka undang-undang taun 2017 di UK ti ngelepaska lelaki ti dilalau tauka diukum nengah chara retroaktif ari baruh undang-undang sejarah ti nagang pengawa homoseksual.[16]

Turing ninggalka legasi besai dalam matematik enggau ngira ti udah dikelala mayuh enggau patung sereta bemacham utai diberi nama ari iya, nyengkaum anugerah ninting taun dalam inovasyen komputer. Potret iya bisi ayan ba Duit nut £50 Bank England, keterubah iya dikeluarka kena 23 Jun 2021 beserimbai enggau hari pengada iya. Bala peninga ngundi dalam siri BBC 2019 ti ngumbai Turing nyadi saintis pemadu besai kurun ke-20.

Kereban sanding

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Templat:Google scholar id
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Templat:MathGenealogy
  3. ↑ Gandy, Robin Oliver (1953). On axiomatic systems in mathematics and theories in physics (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge. doi:10.17863/CAM.16125. Templat:EThOS. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017. Templat:Free access
  4. ↑ Bowen, Jonathan P. (2019). "The Impact of Alan Turing: Formal Methods and Beyond". In Bowen, Jonathan P.; Liu, Zhiming; Zhang, Zili (eds.). Engineering Trustworthy Software Systems (PDF). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 11430. Cham: Springer. pp. 202–235. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17601-3_5. ISBN 978-3-030-17600-6. S2CID 121295850. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Penyalat nyebut: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama Copeland
  6. ↑ "Alan Turing". The British Library. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  7. ↑ Newman, M.H.A. (1955). "Alan Mathison Turing. 1912–1954". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 1: 253–263. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1955.0019. ISSN 0080-4606. JSTOR 769256. S2CID 711366.
  8. ↑ Gray, Paul (29 March 1999). "Computer Scientist: Alan Turing". Time. Archived from the original on 19 January 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2011. Providing a blueprint for the electronic digital computer. The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine.
  9. ↑ Sipser 2006, p. 137
  10. ↑ Beavers 2013, p. 481
  11. ↑ Copeland, Jack (18 June 2012). "Alan Turing: The codebreaker who saved 'millions of lives'". BBC News Technology. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  12. ↑ A number of sources state that Winston Churchill said that Turing made the single biggest contribution to Allied victory in the war against Nazi Germany. Whilst it may be a defensible claim, both the Churchill Centre and Turing's biographer Andrew Hodges have stated they know of no documentary evidence to support it, nor the date or context in which Churchill supposedly made it, and the Churchill Centre lists it among their Churchill 'Myths', see Schilling, Jonathan (8 January 2015). "Myths > Churchill Said Turing Made the Single Biggest Contribution to Allied Victory". International Churchill Society. The Churchill Centre. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015. and Hodges, Andrew. "Part 4: The Relay Race". Update to Alan Turing: The Enigma. Archived from the original on 20 January 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015. A BBC News profile piece that repeated the Churchill claim has subsequently been amended to say there is no evidence for it. See Spencer, Clare (11 September 2009). "Profile: Alan Turing". BBC News. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2015. Update 13 February 2015 Official war historian Harry Hinsley estimated that this work shortened the war in Europe by more than two years but added the caveat that this did not account for the use of the atomic bomb and other eventualities. Hinsley, Harry (1996) [1993], The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War, Keith Lockstone's home page, archived from the original on 15 October 2022, retrieved 26 August 2024 Transcript of a lecture given on Tuesday 19 October 1993 at Cambridge University
  13. ↑ Leavitt 2007, pp. 231–233
  14. ↑ Milinkovitch, Michel C.; Jahanbakhsh, Ebrahim; Zakany, Szabolcs (16 October 2023). "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Reaction Diffusion in Vertebrate Skin Color Patterning". Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (in Inggeris). 39 (1): 145–174. doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120319-024414. ISSN 1081-0706. PMID 37843926.
  15. ↑ Olinick, Michael (2021). "Chapter 15". Simply Turing. United States: Simply Charly.
  16. ↑ "'Alan Turing law': Thousands of gay men to be pardoned". BBC News. 20 October 2016. Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.


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